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The  Introduction  to  this  work  contains  a  sketch  of  the 
growth  of  the  Pictorial  representation  of  Thought,  and  the 
subsequent  Alphabetic  representation  of  Speech. 

The  Philosophy  of  Speech  ,  commencing  on  page  22, 
explains  the  functions  of  the  vocal  and  articulating  organs, 
and  an  attempt  is  made  to  present  a  satisfactory  arrangement 
and  nomenclature  of  the  sounds  of  speech. 

The  Explanation  of  Phonography  commences  on  page  31. 
The  student  who  desires  simply  to  acquaint  himself  with  a 
brief  and  legible  system  of  shorthand  writing,  may  commence 
at  this  page. 

The  Phonographic  System,  it  is  believed,  is  presented  in 
an  orderly  sequence  of  Explanations  and  Exercises.  The  stu- 
dent's rule  should  be,  first,  to  read  the  letter  press  explanations; 
next,  to  read  and  afterwards  to  write  the  Phonographic  Exer- 
cises on  the  opposite  page  :  and  then  to  test  his  acquaintance 
with  that  part  of  the  system  under  consideration,  by  writing 
the  corresponding  lesson  from  the  Writing  Exercises.  The 
Writing  Exercises,  commencing  on  page  105,  must  not  be 
neglected  by  the  student  who  desires  to  fully  master  the  art. 

The  Tabular  arrangement  of  the  System,  Logographs,  etc., 
commencing  on  page  90,  is  intended  for  reference,  when  the 
student,  having  ceased  copying,  begins  to  write  exercises 
from  his  acquired  knowledge  of  the  art. 


012 


INTEODUCTION 


0  P  ttt  I) .  The  intellect  of  man  and  his  gregariousness 
render  the  possession  of  an  easy,  rapid  means  of  communi- 
cating thought,  a  necessity  of  his  existence.  This  necessity, 
however,  is  not  more  significant  of  his  superiority  over  the 
remainder  of  the  animal  creation,  than  is  the  wonderful  mech- 
anism by  which  the  need  is  supplied, —  an  articulating  vocal 
organism.  Though  the  voice  of  man  is  surpassed  in  power 
by  that  of  many  brutes,  and  in  sweetness  by  the  delicate 
pipes  of  the  majority  of  the  feathered  creation;  in  variety 
and  range  it  is  approached  by  none;  and  in  no  animal,  sav'e 
man,  can  a  power  of  clear,  distinct  articulation  be  found. 
What  a  blessing  this  gift  which  man  daily  uses  with  so  lit- 
tle heed,  really  is  to  him,  they  only  can  tell,  who,  for  any 
lengthened  period,  have  been  deprived  of  its  exercise.  Great- 
est, next  to  the  breath  of  life,  of  all  God's  provisions  for  man, 
is  Speech.  Whether  the  articulating  and  vocal  organism  of 
man  was  first  exercised  upon  a  language  ready  made  for  his 
use,  or  whether  he  was  left  to  construct  one  by  successive 
and  repeated  imitations  of  the  innumerable  sounds  which  the 
great  Mother  Nature  peals  from  her  boundless  organ,  is  a 
question  that  has  long  afforded  food  for  speculation  to  the 
philosopher  and  the  antiquarian ;  but  the  origin  of  language, 


INTRODUCTION. 


like  the  origin  of  all  the  other  inherent  powers  of  man,  must 
ever  remain  the  subject  of  theory  and  conjecture,  beyond 
demonstration,  and  certain  only  to  the  eye  of  Faith. 

tUsttal  StUJlbolB  of  &t)CIttgf)t.        The  use  of 

speech,  as  a  medium  of  communication  between  man  and  man, 
is  necessarily  confined  to  those  who  are  within  the  reach  of 
each  other's  voices;  but  as  with  speech  came  the  expansion 
of  thought,  and  as  that  expansion  increased  man's  necessities, 
it  was  soon  found  that  a  mode  of  intercommunication  was 
needed  which  would  reach  the  distant,  in  time  or  in  place. 
The  absent  husband  who  needed  to  send  or  to  receive  tidings 
from  his  home,  the  legislator  who  wished  to  perpetuate  the 
wise  decrees  he  had  framed,  the  poet  who  burned  to  have 
the  inspirations  of  the  Gods  transmitted  to  posterity,  the  war- 
rior who  had  orders  to  forward, —  all  needed  some  more  du- 
rable and  farther-reaching  means  of  transmission  for  thought 
than  the  limited  power  of  the  vocal  organs  could  supply. 
Thus,  from  the  civilization  which  speech  bestowed,  grew  the 
imperative  necessity  for  visual  representations  of  thought. 

If  we  may  surmise  from  the  misty  records  of  antiquity, 
the  warrior,  probably,  was  the  first  who  employed  a  symbol 
to  represent  a  thought.  The  pride  of  triumph,  or  the  straits 
of  distress  would  soon  frame  a  sign  of  their  own  existence. 
A  flag,  a  piece  of  armor,  any  object  might  be,  and  was,  used 
as  a  representative  of  thought,  and  with  a  judgment  and  ad- 
aptation which,  at  times,  were  truly  beautiful.  Few  have 
forgotten  how  the  hero  of  Koordistan  summoned  his  followers 
to  the  field  by  the  circulation,  from  tent  to  tent,  of  the  ar- 
rows of  his  quiver:  each  arrow  represented  his  need  of  five 
thousand  horsemen ;  his  quiver  itself  was  a  call  to  twice  that 


INTRODUCTION. 


number;  and  his  bow  was  the  signal  that  gathered  to  the 
field  the  mighty  host  that  conquered  the  "City  of  the  Prophets." 
The  beacon-fire  that  threw  its  glare  from  the  lofty  peak 
for  miles  upon  the  plain  below,  and  invoked  an  injured  people 
to  free  their  land  from  a  foreign  yoke,  is  one  of  those  modes 
of  writing  not  altogether  discontinued  even  in  our  own  day. 
Often  does  its  use  in  Eastern  warfare  recall  the  stirring  lines 
of  the  lexicographer. 

"  From  hill  to  hill  the  beacon's  rousing  blaze 
Spreads  wide  the  hope  of  plunder  and  of  praise; 
The  fierce  Croatian,  and  the  wild  Hussar, 
With  all  the  sons  of  ravage  crowd  the  war." 

The  gay  bunting  streaming  from  the  mast  head,  has  been 
made  to  convey  thought  with  a  distinctness  and  accuracy 
almost  equal  to  speech  itself;  and  the  arms  of  the  spider-like 
telegraph  have  conveyed  from  the  Straits  of  Dover  to  the 
Pyrenees,  news  that  affected  the  fate  of  Europe. 

§  t  £  V  0  %  I  £  p  1)  U  S .  But  the  use  of  these  national  sym- 
bols could  never  come  within  the  reach  of  individual  neces- 
sities :  they  could  not  even  satisfy  the  more  subtle  wants  of 
that  ruling  portion  of  mankind  in  the  olden  time,  the  priest 
or  the  law  maker.  Something  was  needed  by  the  private 
individual  that  could  travel  far  without  publicity;  the  priest 
required  some  means  of  symbolizing  to  his  order  the  mysteries 
of  religion,  without  revealing  their  hidden  import  to  the  pro- 
fane multitude ;  the  legislator  too,  wished  within  small  compass 
and  in  durable  form,  to  retain  for  the  benefit  of  succeeding 
generations,  his  ever  multiplying  laws  and  decrees.  The  priest 
would   seem  to  have  been  the  first  who  supplied  the  need, 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  this  in  a  manner  at  once  natural,  cumbersome,  and  mystic. 
He  devised  picture-writing,  merely  representing  objects  by 
a  rude  portraiture  of  them,  in  his  early  and  crude  attempts : 
his  second  effort  was  to  symbolize  thought  by  pictures  of 
those  objects  that  seemed  to  possess  qualities  analogous  to 
the  thought  he  wished  to  convey.  The  slowness  and  difficul- 
ty of  this  system  unfitted  it  for  general  usage ;  a  modification 
of  it  however,  was  soon  adopted.  A  vague  contour,  or  outline 
became  the  representative  of  the  object,  then  of  the  quality 
most  prominent  in  the  object,  and  at  last  of  the  first  sound 
uttered  in  naming  the  object.  This  may,  perhaps,  be  considered 
the  first  step  towards  a  general,  or  even  universal,  method 
of  writing,  for  it  could  not  long  be  practised  without  grow- 
ing into  a  natural  alphabet ;  and  till  an  alphabet  had  grown 
out  of  the  picture-writing,  the  general  use  of  writing  was  an 
impossibility ;  for  compactness  and  completeness  are  necessities 
which  the  masses  must  ever  require  in  the  instrumentalities 
which  they  daily  use.  The  hieroglyphic  systems  never  could 
become  complete,  because  of  the  infinity  of  material  objects 
in  nature,  and  of  thoughts  and  feelings  within  man  himself. 
But  as  the  sounds  used  in  speech  are  limited  in  number,  any 
near  approach  to  a  complete  representation  of  them,  rendered 
a  very  general  employment  of  writing  possible. 

&!)£  2Hpi)abct:  3ts  Diffusion.      No  sooner 

had  sound,  instead  of  things  and  thoughts,  become  symbolized 
by  pictures,  than  the  pre-existing  tendency  to  looser  delinea- 
tion became  stronger  and  more  decided,  till  finally,  the  drawing 
lost  all  resemblance  to  the  original ;  and  it  would  be  difficult 
for  us  to  recognize  in  the  first  letter  of  our  alphabet,  the 
head  of  Apis,  the  Sacred  Bull. 


INTRODUCTION. 


It  is  in  Phoenicia  that  we  first  trace,  with  any  certainty, 
the  existence  of  a  regular  Alphabet.  The  Phoenician  was  a 
colonizer  from  Egypt,  the  commercial  man,  the  Englishman 
of  antiquity,  and  the  civilizer  of  the  olden  world.  With  his 
manufactures,  he  spread  his  civilization;  and  we  dare  not 
assert,  as  has  been  done,  that  the  Greek  alone  received  his 
Alphabet  from  the  Phoenician;  but  wherever  others  obtained 
their  letters,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  directly,  or  through 
the  Greek,  all  the  nations  of  south-western  and  central  Europe 
are  indebted  for  their  Alphabets  to  the  countrymen  of  Dido. 
The  Roman  received  his  Alphabet  from  the  Greek,  modifying, 
altering,  and  extending  it  to  suit  his  very  different  and  in- 
ferior language.  This  Roman  Alphabet  followed  the  Roman 
legions,  and  was  used  from  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates  to 
the  Western  Ocean,  and  from  Dacia  to  Mount  Atlas.  With- 
in these  ample  limits,  during  the  reign  of  the  Antonines, 
Roman  jurisprudence  was  administered  in  the  Latin  tongue; 
and  the  learned  and  the  polite,  throughout  the  provinces  of 
the  vast  empire  of  the  Caesars,  spoke,  or  at  least  wrote,  the 
Latin  language,  using  the  Roman  Alphabet.  Wherever  the 
Germanic,  or  other  barbaric  hordes,  touched  on  the  confines 
of  the  empire,  they  came  in  contact  with  the  Roman  Alpha- 
bet; and  when  at  last  they  shattered  Rome,  they  snatched, 
with  other  remnants  of  its  civilization,  some  of  its  literature, 
much  of  its  language,  and  its  Alphabet.  This  Alphabet,  un- 
fit to  clothe  the  sonorous  language  of  the  Greek,  was  still 
less  adapted  to  the  gutturals  of  Goth,  Longobard,  Frank,  Hun 
and  Vandal ;  who,  lacking  the  ingenuity  to  devise  Alphabets 
suited  to  the  various  sounds  of  their  rude  dialects,  strove 
to   fit  to  them  that   of  the    Roman.       In    so    doing,    what 


10  INTRODUCTION. 


phonetic  character  there  was  in  that  Alphabet  was  almost 
completely  lost.  It  was  in  this  manner  that  the  Latin  Al- 
phabet became  wholly,  or  in  part,  that  of  the  various  tongues 
of  Europe ;  and  Britain,  whose  language  was  destined  to  be 
evolved  from  an  indefinite  number  of  barbarous  dialects  and 
mutilated  languages,  has  striven  to  represent  by  it  the  mag- 
nificent whole  which  has  grown  from  materials,  in  their  origin, 
incongruous  and  unlike. 

® T 0 ID 1 1)  flf  <£tt git S f) .  The  first  language  spoken 
in  Britain  was  probably  Cymraeg  in  its  origin,  but  mixed 
with  dialects  of  the  Belgae.  To  this  language  was  added, 
by  the  conquering  Saxons,  a  flood  of  words  and  idioms  in 
which  the  first  tongue  of  Britain  was  almost  wholly  lost.  Since 
the  invasion  of  England  by  the  Saxons,  the  body  of  the  English 
language  has  been  Saxon,  or,  more  correctly,  Anglo-Saxon; 
but  this  Anglo-Saxon  was  not,  for  a  long  time,  the  written 
language  of  the  island.  England  changed  rulers  freely  and 
quickly,  before  the  eleventh  century,  and  Saxon  and  Dane, 
and  Dane  and  Saxon  repeatedly  gave  laws  to  the  people,  and 
language  to  the  court.  From  the  court  and  church,  much  Dan- 
ish slipped  into  use  among  the  people ;  and  when  the  Norman 
brought  a  strange  law  and  a  new  hybrid  language  into  Brit- 
ain, the  common  language  was  already  compounded  of  very 
many  others.  The  court  of  the  conqueror,  and  of  the  con- 
queror's descendants,  for  many  reigns,  heard  and  spoke  but 
little  Saxon  English.  At  the  bar  the  Norman  and  Latin  were 
the  languages  used;  on  the  field,  the  knight  shouted  a  Nor- 
man watchword  to  his  Saxon  followers ;  and  thus,  by  degrees, 
portions  of  the  mongrel  Norman  were  incorporated  with  the 
tongue  of  the  Saxon  people. 


INTRODUCTION.  11 


!U;pr£0£ntation  Of  (ffnfl[lt0l).  To  represent 
the  language  that  grew  out  of  these  various  elements,  by  an 
alphabet  never  intended  for  more  than  one  of  them,  was  an 
impossibility ;  at  least  to  do  it,  and  adhere  to  the  true  pho- 
netic principle  of  representing  each  sound  by  a  sign  peculiar 
to  itself.  Among  the  confused  dialects  and  languages  which 
had  fused  into  English,  many  were  the  sounds  that  the  Lat- 
in tongue  never  possessed.  There  was  but  one  way  in  which 
a  representation  of  the  English  tongue  could  possibly  be  eked 
out,  with  this  too  limited  alphabet:  this  was  by  a  combina- 
tion of  several  letters  to  represent  such  elementary  sounds 
as  were  unknown  in  the  Latin  tongue,  and  unprovided  for 
by  its  alphabet.  But  even  this,  the  next  best  thing  to  a  pure 
phonetic  representation,  the  old  writers  did  not  always  at- 
tempt to  do,  for  they  as  often  endeavored  to  picture  the 
original  orthography,  as  to  represent  the  original  sound  of 
newly  adopted  words.  That  such  a  representation  of  such 
a  language  could,  in  typeless  times,  be  either  fixed  or  phil- 
osophic, was  impossible.  Therefore  we  find  in  the  manuscripts 
written  either  before  or  soon  after  the  Conquest,  an  ortho- 
graphic confusion  unequalled  in  any  other  language  then 
written,  not  excepting  the  French. 

The  taking  of  Constantinople  in  1453,  having  vivified  the 
literature  of  Italy,  the  researches  begun  by  Petrarch  and  Dante, 
were  continued  under  the  auspices  of  the  house  of  Medici,  by 
such  men  as  Politiano,  and  Pico.  Learning  and  investigation 
once  more  occupied  mankind.  From  Italy,  the  revival  spread 
through  Germany  into  England ;  and  the  invention  of  print- 
ing rendered  lasting  and  secure  the  love  of  intellectual  pursuits, 
which  might  have  proved  but  a  passing  whim.       Writers 


12  INTRODUCTION. 


began  to  multiply  in  England;  and  the  new  art  was  soon  wide- 
ly used.  In  its  first  efforts,  the  orthography  of  the  English 
press  was  as  unsettled  and  uncouth  as  that  of  the  scribe; 
but  the  caprices  of  proof  reader  and  of  printer  slowly  grew 
into  a  sort  of  rule  in  orthography,  and  the  habit  of  ignorance 
has  gradually  become  a  law  to  an  age  of  knowledge.  But 
the  evil  did  not  stop  here,  for  though  the  press  put  some 
check  on  the  vagaries  of  orthography,  it  could  put  none  on 
those  of  pronunciation.  The  courtier  marked  his  rank  by  a 
manner  of  speech  differing  from  that  of  the  plebeian.  Through- 
out the  reigns  of  Charles  IT ,  William  III ,  Queen  Anne,  and 
the  four  Georges,  and  even  to  the  present  day,  an  affected  pro- 
nunciation has  distinguished  the  upper  classes.  This  pronun- 
ciation of  course  the  lower  orders  strove  to  imitate,  and  the 
speech  of  both  classes  departed  more  or  less  from  the  sounds 
already  so  imperfectly  represented  by  the  orthography  which 
their  limited  alphabet  had  forced  upon  them.  Thus  it  was  that, 
before  the  age  of  printing,  spelling  departed  from  its  phonetic 
character;  and  after  the  press  had  fixed  that  which  it  found, 
with  all  its  anomalies,  speech,  controlled  by  the  vanities  of 
class,  was  forced  to  abnegate  almost  wholly  all  phonetic  re- 
lation with  its  printed  or  written  representative.  In  this  way 
has  our  strong  and  masculine  language  slowly  become  invested 
with  a  garb  altogether  unfitted  for  it.  The  principle  of  pho- 
netic representation,  though  ostensibly  adhered  to,  has,  in 
reality,  been  lost ;  and  our  present  system,  or  rather  confused 
substitute  for  a  system,  is  purely  ideographic.  The  etymo- 
logical treasures  existing  only  for  a  few,  and,  sometimes,  only 
in  the  imagination  of  that  few,  are  but  a  poor  equivalent  for 
the  brevity  and  beauty,  the  ease  and  correctness,  which,  with 


IMaoDUCTION.  13 


phonetic  representation,  has  dwindled  from  mankind  through 
the  revolutions  of  ages.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  pro- 
gress of  man  in  science  or  in  art,  in  the  representation  of 
language  he  has  been  moving  backward.  The  greatest  evil 
which  mankind,  especially  the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  suffer  from 
the  loss  of  a  philosophic  system  of  writing,  is  an  incalculable 
waste  of  time.  But  this  is  not  to  be  attributed  solely  to  our 
ideographic  orthography,  the  individual  forms  of  letters  used 
in  writing  (with  printing  I  now  have  nothing  to  do,)  are  te- 
dious and  elaborate.  Combinations  of  letters  to  represent 
simple  sounds,  and  the  complex  and  difficult  forms  of  these 
letters  themselves,  are  the  causes  why  man,  in  an  age  when 
every  moment  is  precious  as  hours  in  days  gone  by,  is  forced 
to  expend  an  amount  of  time  five-fold  greater  than  he  need 
to  use  in  the  transmission  or  fixture  of  his  thoughts. 

JfcClT  of  0l)Ortl)Cinlr.  The  growth  of  the  trader 
class  during  the  Tudor  dynasty  in  England,  and  the  great 
increase  of  interest  taken  in  legal  and  parliamentary  affairs  by 
the  middle  classes,  multiplied  the  uses  of  writing.  The  pen 
became  an,  instrument  as  necessary  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury as  the  sword  and  the  herald  had  been  in  the  eleventh 
and  twelfth.  Thoughts,  and  the  causes  of  thought,  increased 
in  mathematical  progression;  yet  the  pen  received  no  aid  in 
its  endeavors  to  record  them ;  but  from  the  increasing  diverg- 
ence of  speech  and  its  visual  representation,  already  alluded 
to,  its  operations  met  with  accumulating  impediments.  Men 
drudged  and  drudged,  till  finally  the  drudgery  could  last  no 
longer,  without  calling  forth  some  attempt  to  remove  it. 

(Earlg    SgStntlS.       A  scheme  for  a  new  and  briefer 


14 


IXTROPUCTIOV 


system  of  writing  was  projected  in  the  busy,  colonizing,  and 
fighting  age  of  Raleigh  and  of  Cecil.  Speed  was  the  grand 
aim  of  the  system,  but  speed  is  only  one  of  the  requisites  of 
writing.  This  system  was  devised  by  Dr.  Bright,  who  ded- 
icated his  book  to  Elizabeth :  it  was  founded  upon  the  existing 
alphabet,  and  therefore  must,  like  it,  have  been  forced  to 
express  by  combinations  what  should  have  been  represented 
by  single  characters.  Strange  to  say,  in  that  same  reign  an- 
other observer  of  the  evils  of  the  English  alphabet,  attempted 
to  reinstate  the  old  Phonetic  principle.  Whether  Dr.  Bright 
was  aware  of  this  attempt,  we  cannot  now  tell.  His  effort  to 
provide  a  rapid  system  of  writing  failed  of  general  accept- 
ance; and  would  not  be  noticed  here,  had  it  not  been  the 
first  known  in  England. 

The  need  of  a  swift  method  of  writing  had  been  felt  in  an 
earlier  civilization;  for  the  Forum  of  Rome  had  shown  that 
civilization  augments,  with  its  own  increase,  the  necessity  of 
a  rapid  and  secure  means  of  representing  thought.  Cicero 
had  his  speeches  and  those  of  others  written  in  a  briefer  char- 
acter than  the  Roman  alphabet.  Traces  of  the  system  have 
come  down  to  us ;  and  to  one  Tyro,  a  freedman  of  the  Con- 
sul's, is  attributed  its  invention.  The  Roman  civilization, 
when  at  its  acme,  like  that  of  Britain,  needed  and  strove  to 
obtain  an  easy  means  of  intercommunication  for  thought ;  and 
we  shall  hereafter  find  a  greater  Consul  in  modern  times, 
driven,  by  the  many  requirements  of  his  position,  to  impro- 
vise a  system  of  Shorthand. 

After  the  busy  court  days  of  Elizabeth,  to  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II,  the  need  of  a  Shorthand  was  not  diminished 
by  the  parliamentary  contests  that  ended  ?.n  the  execution  of 


ISTUOblVflON.  15 


Charles  the  first.  We  find  that  from  Bright' s  attempt  down 
to  the  establishment  of  constitutional  freedom  in  England,  no 
fewer  than  thirteen  different  systems  were  devised;  and  faith- 
fully did  these  systems  mirror  the  spirit  of  the  age  that  called 
them  forth.  In  all  of  them  innumerable  special  provisions 
were  made  for  the  brief  expression  of  religious  sentences  and 
Bible  phraseology.  But  as  Puritanism  gave  place  to  secular 
politics,  the  systems  of  brief  writing  in  the  latter  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  like  those  of  the  nineteenth,  abounded 
more  in  expedients  for  the  representation  of  legal  and  parlia- 
mentary phrases.  In  1758,  a  system  of  shorthand  was  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  Angell.  It  was  based,  like  that  of  Bright's, 
upon  the  imperfect  Roman  alphabet.  So  confident,  however, 
of  its  excellence  and  of  his  own  ability  was  Angell,  that  he 
asked  the  favor  of  an  introduction  for  his  work  from  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Johnson,  who  had  himself  been  a  reporter.  The  great 
lexicographer  was  as  fully  alive  to  the  need  of  a  better  and 
briefer  system  of  writing  as  to  that  of  a  dictionary.  He  seems 
to  have  listened  to  Angell  with  much  interest.  He  waddled 
from  his  chair  to  his  shelves,  took  a  book  and  read,  desiring 
Angell  to  write  as  he  spoke.  ( Angell  had  professed  his 
ability  to  do  so,  and  endeavored  to  make  good  the  asser- 
tion.) The  words  come  steadily  and  freely  from  the  great 
reader:  the  pen  of  Angell  moves  swiftly,  but  now  he  loses 
a  word,  two  words,  a  whole  sentence  escapes  him,  and  finally, 
his  inability  to  follow  the  Dr.  becomes  evident.  Johnson,  the 
laziest  of  great  men,  states,  with  a  sigh,  his  belief  that  a 
means  of  writing  with  the  facility  and  ease  of  speech  is  an 
impossibility.  Notwithstanding  this,  the  Dr.  has  left  us  an 
opinion  of  the  needs  and  uses  of  shorthand  which  fully  proves 


16  INTRODUCTION. 


how  thoroughly  his  sagacious  mind  appreciated  its  importance 
to  civilized  society.  Eight  years  previous  to  Angells  inter- 
view with  Johnson,  a  wiser  idea  of  the  requirements  of  short- 
hand, and  indeed  of  all  lingual  representation,  printed  or 
written,  had  been  entertained  by  Mr.  Tifhn,  who  published 
a  system  of  shorthand  in  1750.  This  system,  leaving  the 
inconsistent  and  insufficient  Latin  alphabet,  attempted  to  rep- 
resent the  sounds  of  the  English  language,  thus  returning  to 
the  true  principle  of  alphabetic  writing.  The  system  of  Tiffin 
was  followed  by  many  others,  some  phonetic,  some  partially 
so,  but  the  majority  mere  providers  of  simpler  signs  for  the 
representation  of  the  Romanic  alphabet.  Of  all  these  systems 
little  use  was  made  by  any  save  those  who  used  them  for 
professional  reporting.  Reporting,  however,  is  only  one  among 
the  many  uses  for  which  mankind  need  a  short  system  of 
writing.  A  shorthand  is  needed,  or  rather  was  needed,  that 
would  afford  advantages,  in  time-saving  and  health-saving,  to 
those  who,  in  every  branch  of  human  industry,  are  obliged 
to  use  the  pen,  as  the  guide,  the  help,  or  the  exponent  of 
their  business.  But  although  the  early  systems  were  not 
adapted  to  the  requirements  of  the  masses,  and  were,  there- 
fore, never  generally  adopted,  they  all  were  instrumental  in 
rendering  possible  and  certain  the  advent  of  a  system  fitted 
for  the  most  general  acceptation.  They  who  devised  these 
various  systems,  tried  to  find  the  simplest  characters;  and 
when  the  lasting  resurrection  of  the  phonetic  idea  took  place, 
tested  signs  and  ascertained  characters  were  ready  to  be  ap- 
plied to  it.  Before  entering  upon  the  system  that  realized 
the  hopes  of  Cicero  and  of  Johnson,  let  us  not  refuse  a  part- 
ing word  of  gratitude  to  the  Stenographers  who  attempted  to 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

give  mankind  a  boon  second  only  to  that  of  speech.  They 
failed,  not  from  lack  of  ability  or  perseverance,  but  because 
the  veil  which  centuries  had  woven  round  the  true  principle 
of  lingual  representation,  was  too  weighty  to  be  removed  by 
the  unassisted  strength  of  any  individual. 

J)I)Onograpl)2.  In  1837,  Mr.  Isaac  Pitman,  of 
Bath,  England,  published  a  system  of  shorthand,  under  the 
title  of  "  Stenographic  Soundhand."  This  publication  quietly 
sold,  but  excited  no  general  interest.  Three  years  later  the 
Penny  Post  law  was  passed  in  England,  and  that  same  year 
beheld  the  publication,  by  Mr.  Pitman,  of  a  small  sheet  en- 
titled "  Phonography."  Either  event  was  alike  significant  of 
the  needs  of  the  age.  An  entire  system  of  writing  was  e- 
laborated  on  this  sheet;  a  system  so  simple  and  philosophic 
in  its  principles,  tending  so  certainly  to  that  combination  of 
celerity  and  legibility  which  are  the  great  requisites  of  a 
system  of  writing  for  the  masses,  that  it  attracted  great  at- 
tention among  many  men  in  England.  Suggestions  for  the 
improvement  of  the  system  were  forwarded  to  its  ingenious 
inventor  from  many  quarters.  Men  willing  to  spread  the 
knowledge  of  an  art  which  promised  to  be  so  useful  to  civ- 
ilized man,  travelled  over  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland, 
pioneered  by  some  of  the  inventor's  own  brothers.  Ever  im- 
proving with  its  spread,  the  art  assumed  consistency  and 
importance,  till  it  finally  became  recognized  by  many  emi- 
nent men  as  one  of  the  most  useful  inventions  of  the  age. 
Its  legibility  and  ease  of  acquisition  soon  caused  it  to  drive 
away  the  arbitrary  stenographies,  out  of  which  it  had  itself 
insensibly  grown.  But  this  was  not  all,  for  Phonography  not 
only  supplied  the  place  of  all  the  systems  that  had  preceded 


18  INTRODUCTION. 


it,  but  it  also  met  requirements  which  the  stenographic  systems 
had  never  attempted  to  satisfy.  It  offered  and  offers  to  the 
merchant,  the  lawyer,  the  editor,  the  author,  the  divine,  and  the 
student,  a  means  of  correspondence  and  of  recording  thoughts 
and  events,  with  a  velocity  five-fold  greater  than  they  ever 
could  attain  by  the  use  of  the  common  script.  And  upon  the 
reporter  it  has  at  last  bestowed  the  means  of  secure  and  leg- 
ible verbatim  reporting,  a  power  unknown  before  its  advent, 
for  the  old  stenographers  were  forced  almost  invariably  to 
memorize  much  of  their  reports,  and  that  portion  of  them 
which  they  did  indite  was  illegible  to  all  save  the  writer, 
and  often  even  unto  him.  But  now,  by  the  aid  of  Phonog- 
raphy, the  stirring  and  important  words  of  the  statesman, 
the  sacred  oratory  of  the  pulpit,  and  the  instructive  lessons 
of  the  lecturer,  are  being  daily  transferred  to  the  note  book 
of  the  Phonographer,  with  a  vivid  distinctness,  and  accuracy, 
which,  to  the  writer  of  longhand,  and  even  to  the  stenographer, 
must  appear  little  less  than  miraculous.  He  who  has  stood 
by  the  side  of  a  Phonographic  reporter,  and  beheld  his  steady 
pen  paint  the  flying  words  of  a  rapid  speaker,  can  never 
forget  the  feelings  of  wonder  and  admiration  which  the  sight 
never  fails  to  call  forth.  And  when  we  inform  the  reader 
that  even  when  written  at  verbatim  speed,  Phonographic  writ- 
ing has  frequently  been  handed  to  the  compositor  and  used 
by  him  as  copy  from  which  to  set  his  types,  he  cannot  but 
be  ready  to  acknowledge  that  great  indeed,  and  wonderful,  is 
the  boon  which  Mr.  Isaac  Pitman  has  bestowed  upon  the 
Anglo-Saxon  race. 

BnxefltS  flf  PtyonagrCtpl)!].  While  the  pre- 

servation of  the  sermon  and  the  lecture,  the  speech  and  the 


INTRODUCTION.  19 


debate,  is  the  greatest  triumph  of  Phonography,  the  art  can 
also  confer  other  benefits,  which,  though  less  striking  to  the 
casual  observer,  will,  to  the  reflecting  mind  appear  equally 
important.  The  lawyer,  who,  in  his  study  is  under  the  ne- 
cessity of  constant  annotation  and  frequent  extracting,  should 
hail  with  delight  a  system  of  shorthand  so  well  calculated  to 
slacken  his  chains;  and  in  the  court  room,  where  not  un- 
frequently  the  wealth  or  poverty  of  a  family,  the  life  or  death 
of  a  client,  hang  upon  his  exactness,  how  incalculably  val- 
uable to  the  counsel  is  the  means  of  recording  fully  the  ar- 
guments of  an  opponent,  or  the  evidence  of  witnesses.  By 
the  student,  whose  sunken  eye  and  pallid  cheek  so  often 
bear  melancholy  testimony  that  the  close  room  and  the  mid- 
night lamp  are,  by  weakening  his  frame,  undermining  1Jie 
intellect  which  he  so  assiduously  strives  to  invigorate,  this 
rapid  and  easy  means  of  writing  should  be  received  with  grate- 
ful avidity,  as  an  invaluable  aid  that  will  enable  him  with 
one  fourth  of  his  present  mental  and  physical  labor,  to  mem- 
orize that  knowledge  for  which  he  pays  so  fearful  a  price. 
The  divine,  the  author,  and  the  editor,  whose  professions 
bind  them  as  with  a  hand  of  iron,  to  a  drudgery  as  great  as 
that  of  Sisyphus,  should  beware  how  they  neglect  an  art  by 
the  knowledge  of  which  they  might  so  materially  lessen  the 
drudgery  of  their  daily  toil. 

3 1 0  (H  a  p  a  b  U 1 1 U  S .  The  rapidity  of  Phonographic 
writing,  like  that  of  the  common  script,  must  vary  first  with 
the  organism  of  the  writer,  and  secondly  with  the  amount  of 
his  practice.  The  generality  of  finished  Phonographers,  us- 
ually write  about  five-fold  quicker  than  they  could  by  the 
ordinary  longhand,  and  how  great  is  the  maximum  of  speed 


20  INTRODUCTION. 


which  may  be  attained  in  Phonographic  writing,  will  best  be 
shown  by  the  following  well  authenticated  notice  by  Dr. 
Campbell,  in  the  "British  Banner,"  of  a  discussion  which 
took  place  in  London,  between  Mr.  Grant  and  Mr.  Holyoke. 

"  Mr.  Grant  closed  the  discussion  less  by  adding  to  the  argu- 
ment on  the  atonement  than  by  a  summary  of  the  entire 
subject,  which  he  had  thoroughly  elaborated  beforehand,  and 
which  he  uttered  with  a  rapidity  scarcely  conceivable.  This 
is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  features  of  this  very  exciting 
scene.  Even  the  late  Lord  Jeffery  was  a  very  deliberate 
speaker  compared  with  Mr.  Grant,  whose  wflrds  go  forth 
with  the  rapidity  of  lightning.  The  wonder  of  the  per- 
formance is  not  diminished  by  the  fact  that  every  articulation 
is  perfectly  distinct;  not  a  word  is  lost  in  the  remotest  cor- 
ner of  that  vast  edifice.  The  vocal  and  the  intellectual 
apparatus  seem  so  perfectly  adapted  to  each  other  that  they 
assume  the  appearance  of  a  special  creation  for  the  purpose. 
"Without  break,  or  breath,  or  pause,  and  strange  to  say,  some- 
times without  the  slightest  motion  or  gesticulation  beyond  the 
extension  of  one  or  other  of  his  hands,  he  darts  along  with 
a  swiftness  to  which  nothing  in  nature  supplies  a  parallel, 
except  perhaps  the  partridge  or  the  plover  when  alarmed  by 
the  report  of  a  fowling  piece,  when  the  motion  of  the  wing, 
is,  from  its  rapidity,  scarcely  perceptible.  That  even  he  can 
be  reported  verbatim,  is,  perhaps,  the  highest  achievement  of 
modern  shorthand:  such,  however,  is  the  fact. 

"One  of  the  reporters,  (for  several  were  engaged,)  devotes 
to  Mr.  Grant  his  special  attention  and  defies  him!  Never 
was  there  a  more  extraordinary  illustration  of  the  power  of 
that  beautiful  art,  to  which  mankind  owes  so  much.     In  the 


INTRODUCTION.  21 


case  of  this  gentleman  there  is  no  oppressive  dragging  with 
a  dozen  or  more  words  in  the  memory.  The  pen  is  quite  a 
match  for  the  tongue,  so  that  when  the  speaker  ceases,  the 
writer  ceases.  One  hardly  knows  which  most  to  admire,  the 
man  of  the  tongue,  or  the  man  of  the  pen." 

Thus  has  Dr.  Johnson's  prophecy  been  falsified;  and  the 
common  daily  operations  of  Phonographic  reporting,  abun- 
dantly prove  that  the  wondrous  power  of  verbatim  writing  has 
been  rendered  accessible  to  all,  through  the  inventive  genius 
and  untiring  energy  of  Mr.  Isaac  Pitman. 


22 


PHILOSOPHY  OF  SPEECH. 


The  nature  of  yocal  and  articulate  sounds,  will  be  most 
readily  comprehended  by  studying  the  mechanism  by  which 
they  are  produced. 

Air,  when  breathed  into  the  Lungs,  not  only 
ivUU.G[0.  purifies  and  vitalizes  the  blood,  but  also  fur- 

nishes an  essential  element  of  vocal  utterance. 
The  lungs,  which  are  said  to  contain  over  six  hundred  mil- 
lions of  air  cells,  are  so  shaped  that,  when  fully  inflated,  they 
fill  the  cavity  of  the  chest  assigned  to  them.  Other  organs 
of  the  body  being  accordant,  the  degree  of  health  will  depend 
upon  the  purity  of  the  air  inspired,  and  the  freeness  and  full- 
ness of  respiration.  The  ease,  energy,  and  excellence  of  vocal 
utterance  will,  under  like  conditions,  depend  upon  the  capa- 
city and   healthy  action   of  the   lungs. 

The  collections  of  air  bags,  known  as  the 
Qll*CtU)£Cl.  right  and  left  lungs,  are  connected  with  the 
windpipe,  or  Trachea,  an  air  tube,  consisting 
externally,  of  longitudinal,  elastic  fibres,  internally,  of  a  thin, 
sensitive  membrane;  and  between  these,  of  a  series  of  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  cartilaginous  rings,  or  rather  crescents,  which 
extend  about  two  thirds  round  the  cylinder  of  the  trachea. 
These  crescents  are  thick  in  front,  and  terminate  at  the  back 
in  an  elastic  connection  covered  by  the  internal  and  external 
coats  described.  These  rings  of  gristle  prevent  the  collapsing 
of  the  windpipe,  and  keep  it  extended  for  the  free  passage 
of  the  air. 


PHILOSOPHY    OF    SPEECH.  23 


This  air  tube  terminates,  at  its  upper  extremity,  in  an 
enlargement,  called  the  Larynx;  a  box  of  cartilages  which 
constitutes  the  principal  organ  of  vocal  sound. 
JCOLVQWX.  It  is  situated  at  the  fore  part  of  the  neck,  be- 
tween the  trachea  and  the  base  of  the  tongue, 
its  upper  and  exterior  portion  forming  a  projection  familiarly 
known  as  Adam's  Apple,  in  allusion  to  the  fabled  lodgment 
of  the  forbidden  fruit.  The  larynx  is  composed  of  several 
thin  and  flexible  cartilages,  united  by  membranes  and  liga- 
ments, by  which  its  sides,  base,  and  top  may  be  moved  in 
concerted  action,  and  enlarged,  contracted,  or  otherwise  mod- 
ified, to  adapt  it  to  the  production  of  a  high  or  low  pitch  of 
voice,  and  to  a  full  or  diminished  force  of  utterance. 

At  the  opening  or  mouth  of  the  larynx  are 
dMottt0.  situated  the  Vocal  Ligaments.  These  are 
stretched  across  from  the  front  to  the  back 
of  the  larynx,  each  ligament  connected  to  its  own  side  by  a 
fold  of  mucous  membrane,  and  bearing  some  resemblance  in 
shape  to  a  half  moon.  The  edges  of  the  ligaments,  when 
stretched,  are  parallel,  and  nearly  or  quite  in  contact,  form- 
ing an  elastic,  membranous  covering  across  the  cavity  of  the 
larynx.  The  slit  or  opening  between  these  vocal  ligaments 
is  called  the  Glottis. 

The  Chordae  Vocales,   or  Vocal    Ligaments,   are  under  the 
guidance  of  a  set  of  delicate  muscles ;  and  are  the  most  im- 
portant portion  of  the  apparatus  employed  in 
UO CCll        the  production  of  vocal   sounds.      Their  av- 
CtClCUttCUtS.  erage  length   in  the  adult  male,  is  estimated 
by  Richerand,  at  about  -f  id  of  an  incn  5   and 
ffo  at  their  greatest  tension.     In  the  female  they  average  -f^ 
of  an  inch,  in  a  state  of  repose,  and  -f^  at  their  greatest  ten- 
sion. 

A  rude  resemblance  to  the  action  of  the  vocal  ligaments 
may  be  formed  by  tightly  stretching  a  band  of  India-rubber, 
with  a  slit  in  it,  over  one  end  of  a  bamboo  cane,  or  any  sim- 
ilar tube.     The  air  being  blown  from  the  opposite  end,   the 


24  PHILOSOPHY    OF   SPEECH. 


edges  will  be  distinctly  seen  to  vibrate ;  and  a  clear,  musical 
sound  will  be  produced ;  the  pitch  depending  upon  the  tension 
of  the  India-rubber.  A  still  nearer  resemblance  may  be  found 
in  the  action  of  the  lips  in  the  mouth-piece  of  a  trumpet, 
where  a  change  of  pitch  is  produced  by  tightening,  relaxing, 
or  otherwise  modifying  the  lips. 

Acute  and  grave  sounds  thus  depend  upon  the  tension  of 
the  vocal  ligaments,  upon  the  modifications  of  the  larynx,  and 
upon  the  lengthening  and  narrowing,  or  shortening  and  wid- 
ening, of  the  trachea.  When  the  highest  notes  of  the  voice 
are  used  in  speech  or  song,  the  neck  is  stretched;  while  the 
lower  notes  are  being  sounded,  the  neck  and  trachea  are  vis- 
ibly shortened.  In  easy  breathing,  the  vocal  ligaments  are 
relaxed,  and  widely  separated ;  in  this  position  breath  passes 
either  way  without  vibrating  them,  and  therefore  without 
causing  them  to  emit  sound.  Even  in  forcible  breathing,  ex- 
pired air  may  pass  through  the  glottis  without  causing  any 
vibration  of  the  chords,  the  sound  heard  being  due  to  the  re- 
sistance the  air  meets  with  in  passing  through  the  mouth,  or 
through  the  nasal  passages,  when  the  lips  are  closed.  When 
the  vocal  ligaments  are  tightened,  and  the  edges  brought 
nearly,  or  quite  in  contact,  expired  breath  cannot  pass  them 
without  vibrating  them,  and  thereby  causing  them  to  produce 
vocal  sound. 

The  Epiglottis  is  a  membranous  projection  at  the  extreme 
back  of  the  tongue,  and  serves  as  a  lid  to  cover  and  protect 
the  opening  of  the  windpipe  during  the  act 
(S/3tnlol't*t0.  °f  swallowing.  The  glottis  is  always  open, 
and  the  cesophagal  tube,  or  meat  pipe  (  which 
is  below  and  immediately  behind  the  glottis,)  is  always  closed, 
except  in  the  act  of  swallowing. 

The   Pharynx,    or   swallow,    is   the   muscular,   membranous 
passage  that  connects  the  mouth  with  the  larynx  and  oesoph- 
agus below,   with  the   nasal  passages  above. 
3pllCUrT]n.£.       Though  not  directly  employed  in  the  produc- 
tion of  sounds,  it  aids,  by  the  resonance  of 


PHILOSOPHY   OP   SPEECH.  25 


its  walls  and  cavities,  in  intensifying  the  vibrations  of  the 
vocal  ligaments. 

The  Velum  Pendulum  Palati,  or  Soft  Palate,  is  a  thin  and 

rensitive  moveable  partition,  at  the  extreme  back  of  the  roof 

v  of  the  mouth.     While  serving  as  the  entrance 

>POIt  from  the  mouth  to  the  pharynx,  it  closes  the 

/Jillctt-C  latter  from  the  nasal  division,  during  the  act 

of  swallowing    and  vomiting,   and   opens   or 

closes  the  passage  from  the   pharynx  to  the  nostrils,   during 

speech. 

The  Uvula  is  the  conical  projection  descending  from  the 
soft  palate,  and  acts  as  a  sentinel  to  the  throat.  The  soft 
palate  and  uvula,  as  organs  of  voice,  are  chiefly  instrumental 
in  the  production  of  guttural  sounds,  and  are  possessed  by- 
quadrupeds  in  common  with  man;  in  the  latter,  however, 
their  structure  adapts  them  to  some  additional  uses  not  re- 
quired in  the  animal. 

The  organs  of  voice  and  of  respiration,  thus  far  described, 
are  those  employed  in  the  production  of  vocal  sounds,  and 
are  possessed  by  man,  in  common  with  the  whole  class  of 
Mammalia:  many  animals  are,  indeed,  in  this  respect,  equal 
or  superior  to  man. 

The  organs  now  to  be  described  are  those  with  which  man 
alone  is  gifted:  they  are  the  organs  essential  to  Articulation, 
or  Speech.  They  consist  of  the  arched  palate,  the  flexible 
and  elastic  tongue,  the  serried  rows  of  teeth,  and  the  thin 
and  flexible  lips.  Individuals,  and  races  of  men,  possess  the 
articulating  faculty  in  a  degree  of  excellence  corresponding 
to  that  in  which  they  possess  these  modify- 
0p£££l).  ing  and  obstructing  organs.     Speech,  then,  is 

the  result  of  the  joint  operations  of  the  vocal 
and  articulating  organism.  It  consists  of  vocal  sounds,  and 
expired  breath,  modified,  or  obstructed,  by  the  articulating 
organs.  Vocal  sounds  are  those  produced  by  emitting  breath 
through  the  tightened  and  vibrating  ligaments.  Whispered 
sounds  are  produced  by  emitting  breath  through   the  open 


26  PHILOSOPHY   OF   SPEECH. 


glottis,  while  the  vocal  ligaments  are  relaxed. 

Both  vocal  and  whispered  sounds  may  be  Unobstructed  or 
Obstructed.  Unobstructed  sounds  are  those  produced  through 
a  free  and  open  passage  of  the  articulating  organs;  as  a  in 
alms,  aw  in  all;  sounds  which  may  be  rendered  musical  by 
prolonging  them  on  any  given  pitch;  or 
tinOUStrUttCU  that   may  be   nasalized,   by  permitting  the 

^10  UllllS  Nasal  as  well  as   the  Oral   passage  to    re- 

main open  during  their  utterance. 

All  the  Unobstructed  sounds  of  the  English  language  are 
heard  as  Vocal  and  Whispered,  but  an  Unobstructed  Whisper 
is  never  used  except  immediately  preceding  an  unobstructed 
vocal  sound,  in  which  case  it  i3  simply  a  whisper  through 
the  position  which  the  vocal  and  articulating  organs  assume 
to  produce  that  vocal  sound.  It  is  this  uniform  rule  that 
permits  all  the  unobstructed  whispers  of  our  language  to  be 
represented  by  a  single  and  uniform  sign  (  h.) 

The  Whisper  or  Aspirate  (  h )  may  precede  w  and  y,  ( as 
in  wheel,  hues,)  in  which  position  it  is  sometimes  called  whis- 
pered w,  and  whispered  y ;  sounds  which  are  no  more  entitled 
to  a  distinct  representation  than  whispered  oo,  or  whispered 
e ;  to  which  they  are  so  closely  related. 

Vocal   sound   or   expired   breath  may   be   so   modified    and 

obstructed  in  its  passage  through  the  mouth,  or  nose,  or  both 

simultaneously,  as  to  produce  a  variety  of  hiss- 

V^U3trttCt£U    es,    buzzes,    liquid  murmurs,    nasal    murmurs, 

0QUllfJS.  an(^  teffl**  The  obstruction  may  be  due  to  mod- 
ifications of  the  tongue  in  relation  to  the 
teeth,  gums,  hard,  or  soft  palate,  as  s  in  hiss,  sh  in  rush;  or  to 
the  partial  obstruction  caused  by  the  teeth  in  contact  with 
the  lips,  as  /  in  ruff;  or  to  the  complete  obstruction  caused 
by  a  contact  of  the  organs,  till  a  sudden  expulsion  of  the 
breath  forces  them  apart  and  produces  the  sound,  as  p  in 
rap,  k  in  rack;  or  that  is  due  to  a  complete  obstruction  by  the 
lips,  or  other  organs,  and  the  sound  forced  through  the  nasal 
passages,  as  m  in   hum;  or  that  is  caused  by  a  vibration  or 


PHILOSOPHY    OF    SPEECH.  27 


trill  of  the  tongue,  as  r  in  roll. 

Every  sound  may  be  produced  as  a  Vocal  or  as  a  Whisper ; 
and  a  complete  or  universal  alphabet  would,  doubtless,  show 
every  sound  in  its  double  aspect  of  Vocal  and  Whisper.  A 
vocal  sound  is  caused  by  the  vibration  of  the  vocal  liga- 
ments. A  whispered  sound  ( when  not  owing  to  the  resist- 
ance offered  to  the  air,  while  being  forcibly  expired  through 
the  mouth,)  is  due  to  the  obstruction  offered  to  expired  breath, 
by  the  close  proximity,  the  vibration,  or  the  actual  contact 
of  some  of  the  articulating  organs. 

From  what  has  been  said,  it  will  be  seen  that  it  is  possi- 
ble to  speak,  or  articulate,  without  using  the  vocal  apparatus 
of  the  larynx  at  all;  in  which  case  we  whiqjcr  ;  i.  e.  we  speak 
without  voice.  On  the  other  hand,  the  most  musical  sounds 
may  be  produced  by  the  vocal  apparatus  of  the  larynx,  with- 
out the  direct  employment  of  any  of  the  articulating  organs. 

Human  speech  may  therefore  be  defined  as  varieties  of 
sound  produced  by  emitting  breath,  either  as  voice  or  as 
a  whisper,  through  various  fixed  positions,  or  glides  from  one 
position  to  another,  of  the  vocal  and  articulating  organs. 

The  nature  or  quality  of  a  sound  must  be  studied  with  ref- 
erence to  its  being 

1.  Voiced  or  Whispered. 

2.  Unobstructed  or  Obstructed. 

3.  Single  or  Serial. 

If  an  unobstructed  sound,  to  what  position  of  the  oral  and 
nasal  passages  its  peculiarity  is  owing.  If  an  obstructed  one, 
by  what  organs,  and  to  what  position  of  those  organs,  its 
obstruction  is  due.  If  it  be  simple,  there  will  be  no  change 
in  the  position  of  the  organs  during  its  utterance;  if  compos- 
ed of  more  than  a  single  sound,  it  may  consist  of  a  distinct 
first,  second,,  or  more  elements ;  or  it  may  be  an  indissoluble 
sequence  of  sounds,  uttered  during  a  glide  of  the  organs  of 
speech  from  one  position  to  another. 

The  position  of  the  vocal  and  articulating  organs  during 
the  utterance  of  sounds,  must,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  the 


28  PHILOSOPHY   OP   SPEECH. 


primary   element  to  be  studied  in  determining  their  nature 
and  quality. 

The  most  natural  arrangement  of  the  sounds  of  the  Eng- 
lish language  which  we  are  able  to  offer,  is  presented  on  the 
following  page.  A  strictly  philosophic  alphabet  is  not,  in 
our  opinion,  possible,  in  the  present  state  of  Phonetic  science. 
An  arrangement  which  consults  only  the  structure  of  the 
English  language,  evidently  cannot  be  regarded  as  satisfactory. 
The  following  classification,  which  provides,  with  a  slight  ex- 
tension, an  appropriate  name  and  place  for  every  sound  of 
human  speech,  is  offered,  until  a  more  thorough  investigation 
of  this  department  of  science,  and  a  more  uniform  practice, 
shall  bring  that  unanimity  which  accuracy  and  fullness  of 
knowledge  alone  can  yield. 


21  Classification   auir  tfomtntlatnti 
of  tl)£  sounds  of  t\)t    (Englisl)    Canguage 


Modified  by  the  Position,  or  obstructed 
in  the  region  ot  the 


*  i 


■ 

9    *> 

Ph  Ph 


Voiced 


1 


Unob- 
structed 


Simple 


Long 


Medial 


Short 


Coalescents 


Coalescing 
Whisper 


oo o....ee....e a....a....ali aw 

fool  old    feel  earth  aim  air   alms        fall 


Serial 


Open 


Close 


a 

ask 

00 

foot 

....I. 

fit 

e a....u..o. 

met    at  up  on 

W 

wield 

—y 

yield 

7i. 

hand 

OW 01. 

loul 


boil 


..U I 

tune  use      time    isle 


Whis- 
pered 


Ob- 

struoted 


P 

pipe 


t.... 

taught 


,..k.. 

kick 


Ex-     f  Mutes 
plodent  J 

[Sonants    b d g.. 

babe         deed  gag 

Hisses       ...f....th s sh 

fife   thigh     sauce  shine 

Buzzes       ...v....th z zh , 

Eve  thy  zeal    azure 


Con- 
tinuant 


Liquid 
Murmurs 


Trill 


lull 


arm 


r 

ray,  roll 


Nasal         m 
Murmurs       "*•••" 
maim 


...n.... 

noun 


.ng.. 

sing 


Notes  explanatory  of  the  Table  of  sounds.  1.  Voiced  or  Vo- 
cal sounds, —  sometimes  called  with  respect  to  obstructed 
Vocals,  Tonics,  Sonants,  Subvocals,  etc., — are  printed  in  Italic 
letters.  Whispered  sounds,  or  breathings, — sometimes  called 
Atonies,  Aspirates,  Surds,  etc.,  are  printed  in  Roman  letters. 

2.  A  chart  for  the  use  of  schools  and  colleges,  prepared 
according  to  this  arrangement,  should  have  the  whispered  let- 
ters painted  red,  the  voiced  letters  black,  and  separate  lines  for 
the  unobstructed  Nasal  vocals  (in,  en,  un,  on,  etc.,  of  the 
French  and  Polish  languages,  etc.)  painted  blue. 

3.  This  scheme,  it  is  believed,  presents  each  sound  of  the 
language  in  its  proper  place,  and  in  its  proper  relation  to 
every  other  sound,  and  provides  a  place  for  the  sounds  of  all 
languages.  To  fill  up  the  dotted  spaces  would  be  to  give  a 
universal  alphabet  of  sounds. 

4.  "Serial"  sounds;  i.  e.  sounds  pronounced  one  after 
the  other.  Only  in  this  sense  can  sounds  be  "double,"  "treble," 
or  "  compound." 

5.  Ch  in  each,  is  a  glide  from  the  t  to  the  sh  position  ; 
J  in  edge,  is  a  glide  from  the  d  to  the  zh  position.  For 
practical  convenience  they  are  included  among  the  simple 
sounds  of  the  Phonographic  alphabet,  and  provided  with 
single  types  in  the  Phonotypic  alphabet. 

6.  It  is  not  assumed  that  this  scheme  of  sounds  includes 
all  that  a  nicely  trained  ear  will  discover  in  English  speech, 
or  all  that  careful  speakers  will  insist  on  using;  but  it  in- 
cludes more  than  are  generally  recognized.  An  extended 
vowel  scale,  one  which  it  is  believed  includes  all  the  unob- 
structed vocals  of  the  best  speakers,  will  be  found  in  the 
Phonographic  Magazine  for  June   1859. 

7.  The  u  in  tube,  and  the  u  in  use,  are  by  many,  especially 
in  the  Eastern  States,  pronounced  differently ;  the  former 
consisting  of  i-oo,  the  latter  of  y-oo.  With  the  best  speakers 
of  English,  the  tendency  seems  to  be  in  favor  of  y-oo  for  long 
u  in  all  cases. 

8.  This  natural  classification  of  sounds  was  first  presented 
by  the  writer  in  the  Phonographic  Magazine  for  July    185G. 


31 


PHONOGRAPHY. 


A  philosophic  system  of  writing  should  present  an  orderly 
arrangement  of  all  the  sounds  of  the  language  it  professes  to 
represent.  It  should  possess  an  appropriate  sign  for  every  dis- 
tinct sound  of  that  language ;  and  to  be  a  brief  and  practical 
system,  its  signs  should  be  of  the  simplest  kind.  Phonog- 
raphy, it  is  believed,  complies  with  these  conditions. 

The  sounds  of  our  language  may  be  grouped  in  the  fol- 
lowing natural  divisions. 


Unobstructed  sounds 


Long  vowels 

Short  vowels 

Serial,  i.  e.  double  or  treble  vowels 

Coalescents 

Aspirate 


{Explodents 
Continuants 
Liquid  murmurs 
Nasal  murmurs 

The  unobstructed  sounds,  or  vowels  of  the  language,  are  rep- 
resented by  dots  and  dashes.  These  will  be  presently  explained. 

The  terms  "  vowels "  and  "  consonants "  have  not  been 
employed  in  the  previous  portion  of  this  work  to  define  the 
unobstructed  and  obstructed  sounds  of  language,  as  their 
meanings  were  not  deemed  sufficiently  precise.  These  terms, 
however,  may  with  great  convenience  be  used  to  describe  the 
sound  and  the  sign  of  the  two  classes  of  sounds  for  which 
they  have  hitherto  been  employed. 

From  the  nature  of  the  Phonographic  system,  the  consonants 


32  PHONOGRAPHY. 


must   first   be   defined.     They  are  indicated  by   lines   derived 
from  the  following  geometric  diagrams. 


The  explosive  sounds,  or  Explodents — ,ah  abrupt  and  some^ 
What  unmusical  class  of  sounds, —  are  appropriately  represent- 
ed by  unyielding  right  lines.  The  order  in  which  the 
sounds  of  each  group  are  arranged  accords  with  the  position 
of  the  organs  by  which  they  are  obstructed.  Thus,  those 
sounds  are  taken  first  which  are  modified  by  the  lips,  ( the 
lips  being  the  most  external  organs  used  in  speech,)  the  other 
sounds  follow  in  natural  order,  till  we  reach  the  gutturals, 
which  are  obstructed  by  the  most  internal  of  the  organs  used 
in  speech. 

\\      II      //      - 


It  will  be  seen  that  advantage  is  taken  of  the  relationship 
existing  between  the  whispered  and  vocal  consonants,  to  rep- 
resent the  thin,  or  whispered  articulation  of  each  pair,  by  a 
thin,  light  sign,  an4  the  vocal,  or  thickened  sound,  by  a  thick- 
er sign.  Similar  sounds  are  thus  indicated  by  similar  signs. 
The  miad  perceives,  and  the  hand  feels  the  consistency  of 
making  a  thin  stroke  for  a  light  sound,  and  a  heavier  stroke 
for  its  deeper  and  louder  sound. 

The  Continuants,  a  more  flowing  and  yielding  class  of 
sounds,  are  represented  by  curved  and  flowing  lines.  The 
arcs  formed  by  dividing  the  above  circles,  first  by  horizontal 
and  vertical  lines,  and  secondly  by  oblique  lines,  inclined  at 
an  angle  of  45  degrees,  give  eight  positions,  sufficiently  dis- 
tinct to  be  used  without  confusion;  and  as  they  may  be  made 


PHONOGRAPHY.  33 


both   light  and   heavy,  we   are  provided  with   signs   for   the 
continuants;   thus, 

VA      ((       ).)  \  JJ 

P       V  TH     th  S      Z  SH     ZH 

The  direction  of  these  lines,  it  will  be  seen,  exactly  accords 
with  that  given  to  the  signs  which  represent  corresponding 
sounds  in  the  explodents.  •  These  are  the  only  pairs  of  con- 
sonants found  in  our  language.  The  liquid  murmurs  I  and  r, 
having  no  whispered  sounds  in  English  speech,  are  represent- 
ed by  the  following  light  curves,  which  placed  together  form 
an  arch ;  thus, 

The  nasal  murmurs  m  and  n  are  represented  by  the  two 
remaining  light  curves,  and,  being  of  frequent  occurrence,  are 
represented  by  the  readily  uniting  horizontal  curves  assigned 
to  them.     The  nasal  ng  is  indicated  by  the  heavy  form  of  n. 

M    <~^  N    v_^  NG    v ' 

All  the  obstructed  sounds  of  the  language  are  thus  provid- 
ed for.  It  is,  however,  necessary,  for  practical  convenience, 
to  provide  consonant  outlines  for  the  coalescents  w  and  y, 
sounds  which  seem  to  hold  a  middle  position  between  vow- 
els and  cousonants,  and  which  are  never  used  in  English 
except  immediately  preceding  vowels,  with  which  they  close" 
ly  coalesce.     They  are  thus  represented. 

The  unobstructed  whisper,  or  aspirate  h,  is  also  represented 
by  a  consonantal  form,  thus  ^/  h. 

Both  the  aspirate  and  the  coalescents  are  also  provided 
with  vowel  signs,  which  will  be  explained  in  their  proper 
places. 


34 


DIRECTIONS  TO  THE  STUDENT. 


Phonography  is  best  written  on  'ruled  paper.  Copy  books 
are  prepared  expressly  for  learners  with  double  lines,  between 
which  the  Phonographic  characters  are  to  be  written.  This 
secures  uniformity  of  size;  but  double  lines,  although  a  con- 
venience, are  not  essential  to  the  beginner.  Use  a  pen,  and 
occasionally  a  pencil ;  but  do  not  confine  yourself  to  either. 
When  Phonographic  lessons  are  received  in  class,  it  is  best 
to  use  a  pencil,  while  the  exercises  written  at  home,  which 
are  supposed  to  be  prepared  with  greater  care,  should  be 
written  with  a  pen. 

Phonography  can  be  most  rapidly  written  with  the  pen  or 
pencil  held  between  the  first  and  second  fingers,  and  kept 
in  place  by  a  slight  pressure  of  the  thumb.  The  hand  and 
arm  should  be  allowed  to  rest  in  the  easy  attitude  assumed 
for  drawing,  that  is  the  one  in  which  a  vertical  line  is  most 
easily  struck.  If  Phonographic  strokes  were  inclined  in  a 
uniform  direction,  as  in  the  common  longhand,  it  would  be 
better  to  hold  the  pen  or  pencil  in  the  usual  manner,  be- 
tween the  thumb  and  first  finger,  with  the  right  elbow  near 
to  the  side;  but  as  the  most  frequently  occurring  lines  in 
Phonography  are  struck  in  a  vertical,  or  horizontal  position, 
or  slope  down  towards  the  right,  the  pen  or  pencil  should  be 
held  as  here  directed.  In  the  position  here  recommended, 
there  is  a  freeer  action  of  the  muscles  of  the  hand,  and  less 
liability  of  fatiguing  the  thumb  and  fingers  when  a  lengthy 
report  is  being  taken. 

Write  slowly  and  carefully  at  the  outset.  The  foundation 
of  a  good  style  of  writing  can  only  be  laid  by  precision  in 
the  formation  of  the  Phonographic  characters  by  the  student 


DIRECTIONS   TO    THE   STUDENT.  35 


in  his  early  exercises.  Form  your  letters  at  first  as  though 
you  were  drawing,  rather  than  writing  them.  Rapidity  can 
be  secured  by  repetition  and  practice;  and  by  careful  and 
diligent  practice,  both  rapidity  and  accuracy  may  be  attained. 
If,  however,  your  desire  to  write  fast  is  permitted  to  out- 
weigh your  resolution  to  write  well,  you  will  not  only  delay 
your  attainment  of  real  swiftness,  but  you  will  most  likely 
confirm  in  yourself  a  slovenly  and  illegible  style  of  writing. 
Do  not  content  yourself  with  writing  each  letter,  combi- 
nation, or  illustrative  word  once  only.  Make  it  a  rule  to 
familiarize  yourself  with  every  Phonographic  character  or 
word  that  comes  under  your  notice  before  you  leave  it.  This 
is  best  done  by  filling  at  least  one  line  of  your  copy  book 
with  each  illustration  that  is  presented.  It  is  only  by  repe- 
tition that  you  can  hope  to  become  familiar  with  the  new 
signs,  and  unless  this  is  done  it  is  impossible  for  you  to  be- 
come a  rapid  writer. 

During  the  first  month  of  your  practice,  you  should  make 
it  a  rule, 

(a)  To  name  each  character  aloud  as  you  write  it. 
(6)  To  trace  each  character  as  you  read  it. 

(a)  By  pronouncing  each  character  aloud  as  you  write  it,  the 
ear,  the  eye,  and  the  hand  are  being  trained  at  the  same 
time:  the  ear  to  recognize  the  sound,  the  hand  to  shape  its 
sign,  and  the  eye  to  judge  the  accuracy  of  its  form.  No  stu- 
dent can  expect  to  become  a  good  reporter  whose  ear,  eye, 
and  hand  have  not  been  equally  trained. 

(6)  When  reading  the  Phonographic  exercises  in  the  Manual, 
or  in  your  own  writing,  let  it  be  your  practice  to  trace  each 
character  as  it  is  read.  Sharpen  your  pencil  at  the  oppo- 
site or  wooden  end,  and  with  this  point  accustom  your- 
self to  trace  every  character  you  may  have  occasion  to  read. 

It  will  greatly  facilitate  your  acquirement  of  Phonography 
if  you  carefully  read  and  review  each  day,  the  exercises  writ- 
ten on  the  preceding  one.     They  should  be  read  and  re-read, 


36  DIRECTIONS   TO   THE    STUDENT. 


till  they  can  be  deciphered  without  hesitation.  The  neglect 
of  this  rule  will  waste  your  time,  cause  you  to  overlook  much 
that  you  might  profitably  review,  and  in  other  ways  hinder, 
rather  than  advance,  your  progress  in  this  useful  art. 

Each  page  of  exercises  in  this  work  should  first  be  read, 
and  afterwards  written,  in  the  student's  copy  book.  Do  not 
read  through  the  entire  work  before  commencing  to  write, 
still  less  need  you  display  your  skill  by  attempting  to  "puzzle 
out"  sentences  at  the  end  of  the  book,  before  you  are  fami- 
liar with  the  simple  letters  of  which  they  are  composed. 
This  advice  will  only  be  needed  by  those  who  have  not  the 
good  sense  to  perceive,  or  whose  minds  have  not  been  so  far 
disciplined  by  study  as  to  know  that  no  art  or  science  can 
be  successfully  studied  that  is  not  commenced  and  continued 
in  a  systematic  manner. 

As  in  learning  the  common  longhand  you  had  first  to  ac- 
quaint yourself  with  the  old  letters,  so  in  acquiring  the  Pho- 
nographic system,  you  must  first  master  the  names  and  shapes 
of  the  new  ones.  First  learn  the  names  of  the  new  letters; 
then  endeavor  to  associate  each  with  the  sign  by  which  it  is  rep- 
resented. This  is  best  done  by  writing  each  letter,  or  rather 
each  pair  of  letters  several  times;  remembering  to  pronounce 
each  letter  aloud  at  the  instant  of  writing  it.  It  is  essential  to 
your  progress  that  you  at  once  learn  the  names  of  the  Phono- 
graphic consonants.  Ch,  th,  sh,  ng,  must  not  be  called  see-ailch, 
tee-aitch,  ess-aitch,  en-gee,  but  named  as  on  the  alphabet  page. 
Be  sure  you  distinctly  understand  the  difference  between  the 
name  of  a  consonant  and  its  power.  The  name  of  a  letter  is 
that  given  for  convenience  in  speaking  of  it;  its  power  is  its 
true  sound,  and  is  that  heard  most  distinctly  when  termina- 
ting a  word.  Your  first  writing  lesson,  when  completed, 
should  resemble  that  on  page  39 


THEIR 

COX  SOX  ANTS; 

SIGNS,     NAMES,    AND    POWERS. 

37 

Letter. 

Phonograph.      Examples  of  its  power. 

Name. 

f          P 

\ 

rope          j9ost 

pe 

B 

\ 

roie           6oast 

be 

4 

T 

fate            teem 

te 

3 

D 

| 

fa.de           deem. 

de 

CH 

/ 

etch         '  chest 

chay 

J 

/ 

edge          ^est 

jay 

K 

— 

lock           cane 

kay 

.        G 

— 

log            yain 

gay 

F 

V. 

sa/e          /ear 

ef 

V 

^ 

save          veer 

ve 

4 

Til 

( 

wrea^A      i/agh 

ith 

e 

8 

Til 

( 

wrea^Ae    thj 

the 

J5 

S 

) 

buss          seal 

ess 

^i 

z 

) 

buzz         zeal 

ze 

SH  . 

J 

vicious     sure 

ish 

ZII 

J 

vision      ^our(fr) 

zhe 

4    f 

3    1 

'  ,     L 

r 

fa«           lull 

el 

R 

~\ 

for            roar 

ar 

j- 

M 

N 
NG 

— 

seem        met 
seen         net 

em 
en 

<- s 

sing           • 

ing 

■s 

1 1 

W 

2s 

way            * 

way 

1  t 

Y 

r 

yea             * 

yea 

1 

H 

'  ! 

^and          * 

hay 

38 

CONSONANTS. 

1.  An  examination  of  the  consonants  on  the  opposite  page, 
will  show  that  every  straight  line  and  curve  employed  in 
the  Phonographic  alphabet,  is  written  in  the  direction  of  one 
of  the  lines  in  the  following  diagram, 


The  lines  in  the  first  and  third  directions  being  inclined 
exactly  midway  between  a  vertical  and  a  horizontal  line. 

2.  Upright  and  sloping  letters  are  written  from  top  to  bot- 
tom; thus, 

\  I  /  V.  (  )■;> 

P  T  CH  P  TH  S  B 

Horizontal  letters  are  written  from  left  to  right. 

3.  The  letter  J  sh,  when  standing  alone,  is  written  down- 
ward. 

The  letter  /""  I,  when  standing  alone,  is  written  upward. 
The  aspirate  /  h  is  invariably  written  upward. 

4.  When  the  Phonographic  consonants  are  written  alone, 
they  should  rest  upon  the  line.  The  letters*  should  not,  at 
first,  be  made  smaller  than  they  are  in  these  pages,  that  is, 
about  one  sixth  of  an  inch  in  length.  This  size  is  best  a- 
dapted  to  the  learner's  practice,  and  is  the  one  most  likely 
to  ensure  accuracy  and  neatness  in  writing.  When  he  can 
trace  the  characters  with  ease,  he  may,  with  advantage,  re- 
duce them  to  one  eighth  of  an  inch. 

5.  The  heavy  curves  should  not  be  made  heavy  through- 
out, as  this  would  give  them  a  clumsy  appearance,  but  merely 
in  the  center,  and  taper  off  towards  each  extremity, 

6  The  opposite  page,  and  all  the  shorthand  exercises  that 
follow,  should  first  be  read ;  each  letter  as  it  is  named,  being 
traced  with  the  wooden  point,  and  afterwards  written  in  the 
student's  copy  book,  and  each  letter  pronounced  aloud  as  it  is 
written. 


EXERCISE  ON  THE  CONSONANTS. 
P,  B    \\     \\    \\     \\    \\     \\ 

T.  D  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  |  !  | 

CH,  J  //  //    //    //    //    //  // 

K,  G 

IWB,  TM  (  (   (  (   (  (   (  (   (  (   (  (   (  ( 

«.  s  )  I)  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  )  ) 
sh,  ZH  yy  yv  _yy  yy  yy  yy  _yy 

L  rrrrrrrrrrr 
■  ^  ^  ^  v^  >  ^  v**v  "\  "> 

M   <*«■  ^<  i-S  /-N  /-,  ^-,  ,*- ,  ^  ,_,  ^  ^ 

N     v_^   ■_,   V -— '   ^   W   ^/   ^V   ^_,   ,__, 

NG  ww-w-ww^w-w/w^-^ 

w  ^^^^^^^^^^^ 
Y  rrrrrrrrrrr 
H  /////////// 


40 

COMBINATIONS  OF  CONSONANTS. 


7.  Consonants  when  joined  to  others,  should  be  written  in 
the  same  direction  as  when  standing  alone ;  excepting  J  sh, 
and  f  I,  (  see  par.  11  and  12.)  All  the  consonants  of  a  com- 
bination, or  word,  must  be  written  without  lifting  the  pen ; 
the  second  letter  commencing  where  the  first  ends,  and  the 
third,  beginning  at  the  end  of  the  second,  etc. 

8.  Combinations  of  horizontal  letters,  and  combinations 
where  there  is  but  one  descending  letter,  should  rest  upon 
the  line.     In  such  combinations  as 


n    "1   n 


where  a  horizontal  letter  is  followed  by  a  descending  one, 
the  first  letter  should  be  written  sufficiently  high  to  allow  the 
second  to  rest  upon  the  line. 

When  two  descending  letters  are  joined,  as  in  line  4,  the 
first  should  be  made  down  to  the  line,  and  the  second  below  it. 

9.  "When  two  straight  letters  of  the  same  kind  follow  each 
other,  such  as  pp,  tt,  kk,  they  are  made  double  the  length  of 
a  single  consonant. 

10.  An  angle  should  always  be  made  in  joining  /  and  n, 
v  and  n,  and  in  similar  combinations.  Learners  generally 
make  an  angle  between  p  and  n,  b  and  n,  th  and  n;  but  the 
advanced  writer  should  strike  these  letters  without  an  angle. 

11.  The  letter  J  sh,  when  standing  alone,  is  best  written 
downward ;  when  joined  to  another  consonant,  it  is  sometimes 
convenient  to  strike  it  in  an  upward  direction. 

12.  The  letter  f  I,  when  standing  alone,  is  written  up- 
ward; when  joined  to  another  consonant,  it  majftbe  written 
either  upward  or  downward.  See  lines  10  an»Fll.  Eules 
that  will  enable  the  student  to  determine  thexdirections  of 
these  letters  will  be  given  in  their  proper  places. 


41 

K 

T 
P             | 

D 

CH 

-     G 
B 

TI 

M 

*     ^ ^      R 

o  ■ 

p   **- 

N 

(BxtvciBt. 

.    L 

n 

u  i 

■L 

V_^i           v              V 

3.^ 

~7 

A     7 

C 

y  <  ) 

4X1 

*i 

k     k 

\ 

\  S  > 

•  h 

r\ 

NT      Vy 

"    /"V 

.  ^r  ^r  _r 

6       ^*N 

v_^_      - 

A.     ~v 

--v.    ^v 

7     S^w 

c 

V_      -~\ 

.      ~J 

-y     <L   J- 

8        l~V^~ 

wi 

Y- 

r\~. 

^1    >  'm_ 

.    k_ 

u_ 

u_  ^r\   k 

~      ~v_ 

io  V^-v 

w— 

~v- 

_^-    wr 

"  > 

>-    ■ 

~7«-            » — s 

( 

C- 

£— N                      C^-                         ^ •^- ' 

42 


ADDITIONAL    SIGNS    FOR    S   AND    Z. 

13.  The  consonant  signs  thus  far  explained,  would  enable 
the  student  —  with  the  aid  of  the  vowel  signs  hereafter  to 
be  introduced  —  to  write  any  word  in  the  language ;  but  for 
the  sake  of  convenience  and  rapidity  in  writing,  it  has  been 
found  necessary  to  provide  additional  signs  for  the  very  fre- 
quently occurring  sounds  s  and  z.  The  best,  because  the 
most  easily  joined  signs,  are  the  circles  °  *  and  °  z,  which 
have,  therefore,  been  adopted.  They  are  joined  to  straight 
letters  thus, 

-o  \,  i    /.*_-.■  v  :-r    s 

KS  PS  TS  CHS  SK  SP  ST  SCH 

14.  S,  when  joined  to  curve?,  follows  the  direction  of  the 
curve;  thus, 

— P         ^~*0         Q_^         <5~~-         6~~b         Q_J?         V.  Vo  (q 

NS     MS     SK     SM     SMS    SNS    SP     PS    THS 

When  the  circle  is  needed  between  two  stroke  consonants, 
it  is  written  in  the  shortest,  which  is  the  most  convenient, 
direction.     See  examples  on  the  opposite  page. 

ADDITIONAL    SIGN    FOR    E. 

15.  For  convenience  and  speed  in  writing,  an  additional 
sign  has  also  been  provided  for  /  r,  which  is  invariably 
written  upward;  thus, 

16.  The  sign  /  ch  is  invariably  written  downwards-,  thus, 

>     J      7     ? 

17.  The  signs  /  ch  and  /  r,  when  standing  alone  are 
distinguished  by  writing  /  ch  at  an  angle  of  60  degrees, 
and  /  r  at  an  angle  of  30,  from  a  horizontal  line. 


43 


(Ejtercisc* 
.  I      f      N    A     A       I 


v_P  6"^  <^s 


3       6^^J>      ^~^~b 


<r\JO 


4       k~b  Id  b  b  L o  f__      N o       "Xo 

,  j_  -f    -t,    -f     <k     L.  v-  -\ 

8 1>  "y  }    f  v   y  ^  °^ 

■ok   \/   ^/  __/    ^/   ^  >"     /- 
u  M/  U**  — ^  ~^~  ^     ~k  Mr 


44 


LONG  VOWELS. 

18.  The  alphabet  of  a  language  professedly  contains  a  let- 
ter for  every  sound  heard  in  the  distinct  utterance  of  that 
language.  The  Roman  alphabet  at  present  in  use,  does  not, 
as  has  been  shown,  provide  a  sufficient  number  of  letters  to 
represent  the  obstructed  sounds,  or  consonants;  it  is  still  more 
deficient  in  providing  representative  signs  for  the  unobstruct- 
ed vocal  sounds  of  the  language.  The  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  scale  is 
therefore  abandoned  in  the  Phonographic  system,  and  one 
more  philosophic  and  complete  adopted  in  its  stead. 

19.  Provision  is  first  made  for  the  six  primary  or  long  vow- 
els of  the  language,  as  heard  in  the  following  words; 

E  A  AH  AW  0  00 

eel         aim         alms  all  old         ooze 

20.  The  first  three  sounds  are  indicated  by  a  dot  placed 
respectively  at  the  beginning,  middle,  or  end  of  a  consonant; 
the  last  three,  by  a  short  stroke  or  dash  in  the  same  positions. 
These  dots  and  dashes  are  written  nearly  close,  but  should 
not  touch  the  stroke  consonant  to  which  they  are  attached; 
thus, 


B  A  AH  AW  0  00 

21.  The  upright  line  (the  Phonographic  sign  for  t)  to 
which  the  vowel  marks  are  here  placed,  is  merely  used  to 
indicate  their  positions,  namely  at  the  beginning,  middle,  or 
end  of  the  consonant:  they  are  hence  called  first  place,  sec- 
ond place,  and  third  place  vowels. 

22.  The  vowel  sign  when  placed  before,  that  is  on  the  left 
hand  side  of  the  upright  or  sloping  letter,  is  read  be/ore  the 
letter  to  which  it  is  placed;  when  written  after,  that  is  on 
the  right  hand  side,  it  is  read  after  the  consonant  to  which 
it  is  placed.     When  a  vowel  sign  is  placed  to  a  horizontal 

character,  such  as k,  s— <*  m,  or  v__^  n,  it  is  read  be/ore  when 

placed   above,  and  after  when   placed   below   the   consonant. 


45 

ftonuls 

JolUming    Cor 

i  sonant 

5. 

1 

e 

r 

a 

1- 

i. 

aw 

0 

1- 

00 

L 

2 
3 

* 

v^ 

l 

i 

4 

y 

)• 

). 

)" 

> 

). 

5 

c 

/*" 

r- 

<" 

^ 

rs 

6 

V? 

r< 

tf. 

\ 

y^S. 

^"\ 

7 

rf" 

<tf 

^ 

\ 

*< 

^ 

9 

1    '       -1 

PrereMttg    Qlonaononts 

1 

J 

10 

. 

. 

j 

i 

l 

11 

.r 

r- 

r 

n^ 

Nr 

s 

r 

12 

r\ 

^ 

">l 

^ 

7N 

~> 

13 

*» 

W 

- 

i 

Vsi>- 

^i 

46 


CONTINUED. 

23.  The  unvarying  rule  for  placing  and  reading  the  vow- 
els, is  to  reckon  them  from  the  commencement  of  the  letter 
to  which  they  are  attached.  Thus  the  letters  f  I,  /  r,  and 
£  h,  being  written  upward,  the  vowels,  when  placed  to  these 
signs,  are  reckoned  from  the  bottom,  that  being  the  com- 
mencement of  the  letter. 

24.  It  will  be  seen  from  an  examination  of  the  words  on 
the  opposite  page,  that  the  dash  vowels  occupy  the  same  rel- 
ative position  to  all  the  consonants,  that  is,  they  are  placed  at 
right  angles  to  the  consonant  stem,  whatever  the  direction  of 
the  consonant  may  be. 

25.  The  vowels  should  always  be  pronounced  as  single 
sounds;  thus,  e,  as  heard  at  the  beginning  of  eel;  a  as  in 
ape)  ah,  as  at  the  beginning  of  arm;  (not  as  a-aitch;)  au  as 
awe ;  (  not  a-you ;)  o  as  owe ;  oo  as  at  the  beginning  of  ooze ; 
(  and  not  as  double-o.) 

26.  The  consonants  of  a  word  must  be  written  without  lift- 
ing the  pen,  and  the  vowel  or  vowels  inserted  afterwards. 
The  consonants  of  a  word  form  what  is  termed  its  Phono- 
graphic outline,  or  skeleton. 

27.  Such  are  the  deficiencies  of  the  common  alphabet,  and 
the  consequent  unphonetic  character  of  English  orthography, 
that  the  spelling  of  a  word  can  seldom  be  taken  as  a  guide 
to  its  pronunciation.  In  writing  Phonographically,  therefore, 
the  student  must  note  what  are  the  sounds  of  which  a  word 
is  composed,  and  then  write  the  letters  provided  for  the  rep- 
resentation of  those  sounds. 

28.  It  may  not,  at  first,  be  easy  for  the  student  to  deter- 
mine what  are  the  exact  sounds  heard  in  any  given  word, 
but  the  difficulty  of  determining  will  diminish  at  every  at- 
tempt, and  the  practice  of  noting  the  deliberate  utterance  of 
a  word,  as  distinct  from  its  usual  colloquial  sound,  will  tend 
to  give  accuracy  and  finish  to  the  student's  own  pronunciation. 


Simple     lUorbs. 

47 

1* 

!x 

L     t  .— \  -■ 

>^ 

3           n/"" 

V 

V"    V"   v    ^ 

V"   Hr 

4         /f~V^ 

<    E_ 

L_ 

^_  V_    ^   ^ 

1 

l6^ 

s 

1  ;.i     \ "'] 

|  •   xv 

/^- 

.       A~^-          /sV_       /VVr,           /f 

•     N 

"S      "! 

1 

> 

> 

> 

o       X\ 

x\   x\ 

A 

xl 

xl 

Xl 

>.     C" 

c      (• 

(- 

•) 

5 

0 

H      -J!— 

1              • 

vL^ 

-1 

•1 

V 

<C*>       VVw 

T 

"7 

X~ 

x- 

13         U-n 

k     k 

V 

N- 

zl 

Zl 

14        .<L> 

i 

i^ 

.  ■«-*> 

v^ 

V^ 

48 


SHORT    VOWELS. 

29.  In  addition  to  the  six  long  vowels  previously  explained, 
there  are  six  short  vowels  used  in  English  speech,  as  heard 
in  the  following  words; 

it  ell  at  on  up  foot 

Between  these  short  vowels  and  those  introduced  on  the  pre- 
ceding pages,  there  exists  a  close  relationship,  which  will  be 
perceived  on  pronouncing  the  words, 

eat  ale  arm  awning  ope  food 

30.  The  position  of  the  vocal  organs  in  pronouncing  the 
long  vowels  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  required  for  the  ut- 
terance of  the  shcrt  ones.  The  correspondence  is  least  be- 
tween the  long  and  short  of  No.  5,  and  greatest  between  the 
long  and  short  of  Nos.  4  and  6. 

31.  The  short  vowels  are  properly  represented  by  dots  and 
dashes,  placed  in  the  same  position  as  for  the  long  vowels, 
but  made  light  to  indicate  their  briefer  character. 

32.  These  short  vowels  are  more  easily  and  correctly  pro- 
nounced in  connection  with  the  consonant  t  Instead,  there- 
fore, of  calling  them  short  e}  short  a,  etc. ,  they  should  be 
flamed 

it  et  at  ot  ut  oot 

33.  When  a  vowel  is  to  be  written  between  two  consonants, 
it  is  possible  to  write  it  either  after  the  first,  or  before  the 
second  consonant.  To  avoid  ambiguity,  and  to  ensure  uni- 
formity of  practice  among  Phonographers,  the  following  rules 
should  be  observed. 

first  place  vowels  are  written  after  the  first  consonant. 

second  place  vowels  are  written  after  the  first  consonant 
when  they  are  long,  and  before  the  second  when  they  are 
short.  The  length  of  a  second  place  vowel  is  thus  determined 
by  its  position,  if  it  should  not  be  by  its  size. 

third  place  vowels  are  best  written  before  the  second  con- 
sonant. 


43 


Sljort     ilotucls. 


A 


at  ot  ut  oot 


1    "1 

n 

*or  v^ 

> 

£. 

n   a 

A 

i_ 

v^r 


^-x    \r 


A 


A 


,  V  ~ 

•  ^  w 

VjT" 

8   n    - 

x  <i    <-i     <% 

*N 

10 

2 

"}    n    ^ 


12. 


L 


J 


\  \  \ 


GO 


WORDS    CONTAINING    S  OR    Z. 

34.  In  vocalizing,  that  is,  inserting  the  necessary  vowels  in 
woi'ds  in  which  the  circle  5  is  used,  there  is  no  interference  with 
the  rules  for  placing  the  vowels,  as  previously  explained ;  thus, 

'f  'I  "I  >  /^  "A 

teat  sit  sought  soap-      .same  soar 

T      T     T      ^     «V  -^ 

In  these,  and  similar  words,  the  vowel  is  written  and  read 
with  reference  to  its  position  to  the  stroke  consonant,  and 
not  to  the  circle  °  s,  to  which  a  vowel  can  never  be  placed. 

35.  The  circle  °  j,  or  °  z,  is  invariably  read  first  when  it 
begins,  and  last,  when  it  ends  a  word. 

36.  When  it  is  required  to  place  a  vowel  to  s  or  z,  the 
stroke  forms  ")  s,  or  )  z,  are  used.  This  occurs  when  a 
word  contains  only  an  s  or  z  in  addition  to  the  vowel;  as 

see  say  saw  so  sous; 

or  when  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel,   immediately  followed 
by  5  or  z;   as 

ask  us  ease  easy  owes  •  ooze; 

or  when  a  word  terminates  with  a  vowel  immediately  preced- 
ed by  s  or  z;  as 

mossy  glassy  glossy  greasy  cozy  lazy. 

37.  When  the  circle  °  s,  occurs  between  two  consonants, 
the  rule  for  writing  the  second  place  short  vowels,  as  in  desk, 
musk,  tusk,  etc. ,  (  as  explained  in  par.  33  )  does  not  of  course 
apply. 

38.  The  circle  s  may  be  made  double  size  for  double  s,  pro- 
nounced sez,  as  in  pieces,  faces,  etc.  This  double  sized  circle 
should  be  thickened  on  the  down  stroke  for  zcz,  as  in  causes, 
roses,  etc. ,  when  strict  accuracy  is  required. 


(Jrimist  on    0  onJ)  2?. 

)'        )•         )-        )"        ) 

•)       -)      -)       •)      1_ 
T      T       T       X      \ 


7        -6 


-) 


*<5~N  <5~\ 


<5~V 


r     .r    t    t 


\ 

-\ 

5x 

>\ 

\ 

r 

^r 

r 

$ 

G 

f 

c 

fi*. 

r 

A 

k 

t 

c 

C- 

i 

a —  J d 


51 


0" 


SL 


o 


C" 


..    1; 

r 

D 

> 

^x- 

^ 

X 

<Z- 

u  TJ 

--o 

o 

O 

^ 

s. 

S) 

13       \0 

n<> 

__o 

<° 

>?; 

6 

Vo 

r 
:i      b 

c 

D 

i 

r°N 

^> 

i 

__D 

52 


DIPHTHONGAL    GLIDES. 

39.  The  diphthongal  glides  heard  in  the  "words  ice,  oil,  oivl, 
tune,  are  thus  represented: 

i        ice      01         oil        ow    I    owl         u    j    tune  or  you 

40.  The  more  open  diphthong  heard  in  aye,  (yes,)  is  rep- 
resented by  the  sign    j    aye. 

COALESCENTS     W  AND    Y. 

41.  The  sounds  indicated  by  w  and  y,  hold  a  middle  place 
between  vowels  and  consonants ;  that  is,  between  the  unob- 
structed and  the  obstructed  sounds  of  the  language.  They 
are  modifications  of  oo  and  e, —  the  closest  of  the  long  vow- 
els,— modified  by  being  made  through  a  still  closer  position 
of  the  articulating  organs.  W  and  y,  though  belonging  to 
the  unobstructed  class  of  vocals,  are,  in  one  respect,  unlike 
the  more  open  vowels,  in  the  quality  they  possess  of  coalcs~ 
cing  with  all  the  other  vowels ;  and  in  this  respect  they  resem- 
ble the  obstructed  sounds  or  consonants.  Partaking  thus  of 
the  qualities  of  vowels  *  and  consonants,  they  are  represented 
by  vowel  as  well  as  consonantal  signs. 

WE     J  WA  Cl  WAH  c|  WAU      |  WO    3|  WOO  J 

YE      I  YA  "j         YAH  J  YAU      |  YO  "|  YOO  r>| 

The  shorter  sounds  are  represented  by  lighter  signs. 

42.  All  the  signs  for  the  compound  sounds  explained  on 
this  page,  should  always  be  written  in  the  direction  in  which 
they  are  here  represented;  that  is,  they  do  not  accommodate 
themselves  to  the  position  of  the  consonants  to  which  they 
may  be  written,  as  do  the  dashes  for  the  simple  vowels. 

43.  By  prefixing  to  to  the  diphthongs  i,  oi,  and  ow,  the  treble 
sounds  wi,  woi,  and  wow,  are  produced.  They  are  represent- 
ed by  small  right  angles;  thus, 

avi     L     wine        woi  quoit       wow  I     wottnd  ( did  wind.) 


i 

(Extras 

£. 

! 
! 

1 

.    r 

C 

y 

y 

v) 

v) 

M 

2              U-n 

v- 

^_ 

11 

11 

^v- 

i 

3         >« Y"~ 

*s 

<"\ 

>-v 

<rv. 

<A 

<1 

4     o^ 

<-S 

n 

L 

il 

^yC 

&. 

.  r 

v- 

^ 

<r 

/- 

A 

•^ 

.  j 

->, 

\~ 

L* 

(. 

J 

7 

,    L 

V_" 

^ 

j 

.  0 

.c 

.c 

8          \^ 

^ 

-^ 

b 

a 

i 

3 

€oa 

Itsctnt 

9    111 

anii  B 

.  'I 

«\ 

«\w. 

\_ 

T 

cf 

^ 

10     I 

■> 

>^ 

°A 

"^ 

'i 

,i 

-   1 

•1 

v- 

L 

1 

j< 

>~v. 

12      -"A 

-I 

— 

o 

- 

s* 

u- 

,3     1 

Lv_ 

'Sf, 

l^ 

L\ 

LL 

!/• 

54 


DOUBLE  CONSONANTS. 

44.  A  numerous  class  of  words  exists  in  the  English  lan- 
guage, in  which  the  liquids  I  and  r  are  found  following,  and 
closely  coalescing,  with  other  consonants;  forming,  as  it 
were,  a  consonantal  diphthong;  as  heard  in 

plea      pray      free      flow       clay      glaze       draw       throw 

45.  The  I  or  r  in  these  words  is  so  closely  united  with 
the  initial  consonant,  and  the  sound  glides  so  imperceptibly 
from  the  first  to  the  second  element,  that  they  are  pronoun- 
ced with  almost  as  little  effort  as  single  consonants.  A 
natural  and  beautiful  way  of  representing  these  combinations, 
has  been  provided  by  the  author  of  the  System;  namely,  a 
uniform  modification  of  the  simple  letters  thus ; 


'  \      \       \       \       \      \ 

-    I        f        1        I        f        1 

-/■/•■  A    ■/'/*■    / 

46.  It  must  not  be  supposed  that  the  stem  of  any  of  these 
signs  represents  the  simple  letter,  and  the  hook,  itself,  the  added 
I  or  r.  The  sign  j  for  example,  is  to  be  regarded  as  an  indi- 
visible compound,  representing  tr.  The  same  remark  applies 
to  all  the  signs  of  the  pi  and  pr  series  of  double  consonants. 

47.  The  left-hand  hook  has  been  chosen  for  the  pr  *\  and 
the  right-hand  hook  for  the  pi  \  series,  and  not  the  contrary, 
because  the  combinations  pr,  tr,  etc.,  occur  five  times  as  of- 
ten in  English,  as  pi,  tl,  etc.,  and  the  signs  chosen  to  represent 
the  former  combinations,  namely,  c —  \  |  f  etc.,  are  the 
most  convenient  for  the  writer,  whether  occurring  singly,  or 
joined  to  other  Phonographic  signs. 

48.  In  the  formation  of  all  these  double  consonants,  the 
sign  is  commenced  at  the  hook. 


55 


3         \ 

«         N 


(fjrtrtiat 

V_    V-.     V_ 
V      N,      \. 


*w 


r     i-     i-     r  ■■   ts    t_ 


i 


u    ^ 


1 


,3  5'       > 


n 


*yl  °^     ^V 

1       5       £       5 


5s 


u 


LC 


DOUBLE    CONSONANTS. 

49.  The  signs  of  the  pi  and  pr  series  of  double  consonants, 
are  used  to  represent  either  their  initial  or  final  effect ;  as  in 

pray    as  well  as  in     taper         play    as  well  as  in     a\>ple 
tree         "  "         eater  fly         "  "  r\jle 

draw       "  "        reader       claw      "  u  tadde 

50.  When  speaking  of  these  double  consonants,  they  should 
be  pronounced  with  monosyllabic  names;  thus,  *\  should  be 
called  per,  as  at  the  end  of  taper, —  and  not  pee-are;  \  as  at 
the  end  of  eater, —  and  not  tee-are ;\  as  in  samite;  )  as 
in  rattle.  A  distinction  is  thus  made  between  \S~  p,  I,  and 
\    pi,  etc. 

51.  The  double  consonants  ^-n  mp,  (called  cmp)  <f\  mr, 
<^  nr,  are  termed  irregular,  as  they  are  exceptions  to  the 
rules  observed  in  the  formation  of  the  other  double  conso- 
nants of  this  series.  When  ^"**  mr  follows  signs  in  the  direction 
of  \  p  I  t  or  /  ch,  the  hook  can  only  be  partially  formed : 
no  ambiguity,  however,  is  likely  to  result  when  it  is  thus 
abbreviated.     In  the  Reporting  Style  """n  is  aiso  mb. 

52.  In  the  formation  of  the  curved  characters  °^  fr,  ^  vr, 
j   thr,   l)  tiir,  there  is  an  apparent  deviation  from  the  rules 

observed  in  the  formation  of  the  other  double  consonants, 
necessitated  by  the  nature  of  the  signs.  They  are,  however, 
as  strictly  analogous  to  the  straight  consonants  as  their  cur- 
ved forms  will  admit.  If  the  sign  \  pi,  for  instance,  were 
made  from  a  piece  of  wire,  and  then  turned  over,  it  becomes 
\pr,  in  like  manner  Q  fl  would  give  c>\  fr,  etc.  If  the 
signs  for  fr,  vr,  etc. ,  were  hooked  on  the  convex  side,  lengthy, 
graceless,  and,  therefore,  inadmissible  forms  would  result. 

53.  If  the  Right  hand  be  held  up,  with  the  first  finger 
crooked,  the  outline  of  tr  will  be  seen;  and  by  turning  the 
hand  round  in  the  various  positions  of  the  letters  p,  t,  ch,  k, 
all  the  double  consonants  of  the  pr  series  will  be  formed.  In 
like  manner  the  Left  hand  will  give  the      tl  series. 


57 


<&xttt\st. 


n    ^i    m    n  <n    n    s\ 

>  >  >  >  f 

X   %  X  v«s   X 

L     L    1_   V_  S_  ^_^ 

\  \  \  \  :'K  t   I 

^*s ■ . •  y*\   /?%.•  /TN ;  A    Af> 

<L^     <L>     4--      i-  ■  O    ^^_>  ■to 

**r    <r-r    <rv~  Vs~  V^S  \~r--jrf~ 


0-S 


THE  SPR   SERIES  OF  CONSONANTS. 

54.  A  series  of  treble  consonants  is  formed  from  the  straight 
letters  of  the  pr  series,  by  making  the  hook  into  a  circle ; 
thus, 

\     spr  ^    str  yP    schr  a —     skr 

°\    sir  <|     sdr  J     9jr  q—     sgr 

55.  The  signs  \  spr,  J  sir,  etc.,  will  not  be  mistaken  for 
sp,  st,  etc.;  the   latter  combinations  being  written  thus, 

\      sp  st  /      sch  q sk 

\       sb  ^      sd  /°     ,y  Q__m     irj 

56.  These  abbreviated  forms  for  spr,  etc.,  are  used  only 
when  they  begin  words;  in  all  other  cases  both  the  hook 
and  the  circle  must  be  written.     See  lines  6  and  7. 

57.  In  a  few  cases  when  the  circle  s  precedes  a  consonant 
of  the  pr  series,  the  full  form  of  the  hook  can  not  be  written ; 
but  words  thus  abbreviated  are  not  likely  to  be  mistaken. 
See  line  8. 

58.  When  the  signs  a —  skr,  0 —  sgr  follow  t,  or  d,  they 
are  written  as  in  line  9. 

59.  The  circle  s  is  joined  to  the  ^  pi  series  of  double  con- 
sonants, and  to  the  curved  double  consonants,  by  writing  the 
circle  within  the  hook.     See  lines  10  and  11. 

60.  "When  these  treble  consonants  are  vocalized,  the  s  is 
read  first,  ( in  accordance  with  the  rule  previously  explained 
with  respect  to  the  circle  s,)  then  the  vowel,  and  next  the 
double  consonant. 


50 


f 


<£xttt\$t3 


2         *N;  °\ 


TX     11     L     L 
^    <U     U-      K 


t. 


t—  tr°        L-\      t-\     M^      lf~\ 


1        1 


f 

1 


1       .1       °x- 


^x     ^>     c>     o 

']  X         °\       % 

v\,      CS^    °N^    %r 


60 


THE    INITIAL     W  HOOK. 

61.  The  sign  c  for  the  coalescent  w,  may  be  prefixed  as  an 
initial  hook  to    f  I,  the  upward  /  r,   ^-^  m,  and  ^_^  n ; 

g       tvl  /   icr  f^  torn  ^_y  wn 

62.  These  double  letters  differ  from  the  pr  and  pi  series, 
with  respect  to  the  principle  explained  in  Par.  46. 

63.  The  w  hook  signs  are  vocalized  in  the  same  manner 
as  consonants  are  when  preceded  by  the  circle  °  s.  The  hook 
represents  w,  and  the  stems  remain  1,  r,  7n,  and  n;.a  vowel, 
therefore,  when  placed  before  either  of  these  double  letters, 
is  read  after  the  w,  and  before  the  consonant  to  which  the 
hook  is  prefixed. 

THE    ASPIRATE    77. 

64.  The  Aspirate  h  is  an  audible  breathing  through  any 
and  every  position  assumed  by  the  vocal  organs  for  the  ut- 
terance of  the  vowels;  in  other  words,  it  represents  each  and 
all  of  the  whispered  sounds  of  the  unobstructed  vocals.  The 
sounds  indicated  by  the  aspirate  h  are  as  numerous  and  un- 
like as  are  the  unobstructed  vocals  it  precedes.  This  will  be 
readily  perceived  on  pronouncing  the  first  element  in  half, 
and  immediately  after,  the  first  element  in  ivhose,  or  any  other 
words  in  which  the  aspirate  precedes  unlike  vowels. 

65.  The  office  of  the  h  is  thus  unique  in  English  speech. 
It  is  represented  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the 
sound ; 

1.  By  a  stem  letter,  /  h,  to  which  its  accompanying  vow- 
el may  be  placed.     See  lines  4  to  8. 

2.  By  a  light  dot,  placed  immediately  before  the  vowel 
sign.     See  lines  9  and  10. 

3.  By  an  initial  tick  to  the  stroke  form  of  w.    See  line  11. 

4.  By  thickening  the  hook  of  the  w  hook  consonants.  See 
line  12. 

66.  The  pronoun  he  may  be  written  thus;  ••  he\  but  is 
best  represented  by  the  stroke,  £    he. 


61 

(SxixtiBt 

•  M 

H- 

Oj- 

i 

vi     «f    I 

,  a 

■a 

.<5" 

rx. 

.n    n    .c\j 

3   iA.    . 

<K 

Sis 

pirate. 

-^     __^       -K 

*   A 

^/- 

r 

/    < 

-    A-      S~ 

5   A 

<^- 

<v 

<^ 

A^    A1-   A^ 

.  irJ 

<d 

^- 

^) 

AAA 

7      ^ 

<i<- 

'   ^ 

<d 

A^>   A^    A\ 

'       S 

^ 

/" 

/ 

f  S  A 

,      1 

1 

\ 

•^ 

*         1        'I 

10      ^-^ 

» 

*. 

i 

Ar    x^    \^ 

u    *» 

V 

V 

V 

V^    K_   *f 

I».'^ 

-X 

<^J? 

va. 

i 

62 


FINAL    HOOKS. 

67.  JV  HOOK.  A  final  hook  on  the  left  hand  side  of 
straight  letters,  and  following  in  the  direction  of  curved  let- 
ters, represents  n.  See  table  of  double  consonants,  and 
examples  on  the  opposite  page,  lines  1  to  4. 

68.  S  or  z  may  be  added  to  the  straight  consonants  by  mak- 
ing the  hook  into  a  circle,  thus,  \  pns,  J  tns,  etc.  See 
line  5.  To  express  nz  the  circle  may  be  thickened.  These 
forms  will  not  clash  with  \-  ps,  1  ts,  etc. ,  where  the  circle 
is  written  on  the  right  hand  side  of  the  letter. 

69.  After  curved  letters,  5  or  z  is  written  inside  the  hook. 
See  line  6. 

70.  The  ns  circle  may  be  made  double  size  to  express  nses 
as  in  tenses,  dances,  etc.     See  line  7. 

71.  The  student  should  note  that  the  hook  is  to  be  used 
only  when  the  n  is  final.  "When  n  is  the  last  consonant,  and 
followed  by  a  vowel,  as  in  money,  many,  etc. ,  the  alphabetic, 
or  full  sized  n  must  be  used.  In  a  few  words  terminating 
with  n,  when  it  is  preceded  by  two  vowels,  it  is  necessary 
to  use  the  stroke  n,  to  make  the  vocalization  distinct;  as  in 
Leon,  Bowen,  lion. 

72.  F  AND  V  HOOK.  A  final  hook  on  the  right  hand  side 
of  straight  consonant  signs,  represents  /  or  v.  Where  preci- 
sion is  needed,  the  book  may  be  thickened  to  denote  v.  See 
lines  8  and  9. 

73.  TION  HOOK.  The  termination  Hon  is  expressed  by 
a  larger  sized  final  hook,  following  the  direction  of  curved 
letters,  and  written  on  the  most  convenient  side  of  straight 
ones.  See  lines  10  to  14.  S  or  z,  added  to  the  Hon  hook, 
is  written  inside  the  hook. 

74.  The  Hon  hook  may,  when  necessary,  be  thickened  to 
express  sion  as  in  vision,  occasion,  etc. 


63 

<£ 

xtrctse. 

.  J- 

J, 

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V 

/? 

«— ■ » 

-7=. 

»  f- 

S 

°X 

J* 

3- 

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^ 

c 

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C^ 

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4      ^ 

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"V- 

.      J" 

J. 

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b*    . 

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4, 

6      ^3 

r* 

Jv 

^ 

^/v          V^5> 

"V^ 

»    d- 

j. 

*t>. 

X. 

v 

"h-o 

d- 

.    X, 

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X 

N»' 

"s» 

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<^- 

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%, 

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<^o 

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r£> 

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64 


LOGOGRAPHS. 

75.  The  student  should  now  be  sufficiently  familiar  with 
the  leading  principles  of  Phonographic  representation,  to  be 
able  to  correctly  write  a  large  portion  of  the  words  of  the 
language.  But  to  enable  him  to  write  sentences,  the  method 
by  which  the  most  frequently  occurring  words  are  provided 
for,  must  be  explained.  To  express  words  of  such  common 
use  as  the,  and,  that,  is,  as,  etc.  ,  with  more  than  a  single 
motion  of  the  pen,  would  make  Phonography  too  lengthy  to 
be  written  with  the  rapidity  of  speech.  Such  words  are 
indicated  by  single  characters,  usually  the  sign  which  expresses 
the  leading  or  accented  sound.  To  write  them  in  full,  would 
be  unnecessarily  tedious  and  lengthy,  nor  would  they  be 
more  legible  thus  written,  than  if  expressed  each  by  a 
simple  and  distinct  sign.  Words  thus  abbreviated  are  termed 
Logograms;  and  the  signs  that  indicate  them  are  termed 
Logographs. 

76.  A  few  of  the  most  frequently  occurring  logographs 
are  employed  in  the  exercise  on  the  opposite  page,  to  show 
their  application  and  use.  They  are  arranged  in  the  order 
of  their  frequency.  Words  marked  with  an  asterisk  ( • ) 
must  be  written  above  the  line. 

77.  The  logographs,  is,  as,  may  be  aspirated  for  his,  has, 
thus,  *°  his,  .0  has. 

•     The  *        °    is*        y  are  c^    when  * 


.     and 

1    » 

V^    have 

j  there  or  their 

v       of  * 

^    for 

/    which 

)     was 

\     to 

n   you 

^~^    him 

do 

.     a 

\    be 

r  win 

f  well 

(     that  • 

o       aS 

(_      think 

^"^    me  or  my  * 

65 

(Ejetrriae. 

.  1. 

c 

/          °       . 

<1      .    x_ 

<   / 

°     t. 

2     « 

/ 

-          X 

s   i  .  r 

s           1 

C  » 

3      1 

\ 

S>     c 

-    X     -D 

s           1 

v             o     X 

o 

o 

.         IX       V 

(       ■)    ° 

.           IX         V 

^_* 

».v 

A^ 

.    ^  /CV.    - 

r  \ 

\    * 

.1 

o 

7    \ 

.    )•  r   c 

>    i 

C            X 

7    < 

/ 

-    )-  - 

i-  ,  -   r 

C3~N             U-n 

A» 

•  r 

N 

(     s     < 

/   °  xi 

,    -   r    c 

\ 

>  ^~ 

v           (        ^      < 

/   ° 

<                x 

9 ; 

1- 

CS^9 

t   ^  , 

:    \ 

°  / 

c 

/\o         °          \ 

.   <r  ^-% 

v    ^     ' 

"u  I  „ 

10  IX 

F  •  ' 

°  f  .  x 

P        V       s. 

-^        ^X 

c 

11 

/ 

.i  ^ 

S.N                              O 

*  y  - 

o      C 

O 

C 

X               V 

i   y  < 

/   ° 

XI  . 

OG 


VOWEL    LOGOGRAPHS. 


\ 

\ 

i 

i 

• 

s 

all 

too 

already 

before 

ought 

who 

\ 

\ 

l 

i 

/ 

/ 

of  to  or  but  on         should 


the  a  and,  an       1  how 

78.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  table,  that  each  of  the 
vowel  signs  is  employed  as  a  logograph.  The  stroke  vow- 
els are  used  in  each  of  these  directions  v  '  ',  both  on 
and  above  the  line. 

T9.  The  vowel  logographs  of  the  Corresponding  Style  are 
written  in  but  two  positions,  on  and  above  the  line.  Words 
represented  by  first-place  vowels,  as  the,  all,  cf,  etc.,  are  writ- 
ten above  the  line,  at  the  height  of  the  letter  |  t ;  those  con- 
taining second  and  third-place  vowels,  as  but,  to,  who,  etc.,  are 
written  on  the  line,  because  three  positions  without  a  stroke 
consonant,  could  not  be  easily   distinguished. 

80.  On  and  should  are  most  conveniently  written  upwards. 
The  above  logograms,  and  those  that  follow  in  subsequent 
tables,  should  be  thoroughly  committed  to  memory  by  re- 
peatedly copying  them. 

NOMINAL    CONSONANT. 

81.  It  is  sometimes  necessary  \6  write  one  or  more  rowels 
or  diphthongs,  without  a  consonant,  as  for  initials,  or  for  the 
words  awe,  owe,  or  oh,  etc.  In  this  case  the  sign  I  may  be 
employed  as  an  outline,  bearing  no  specific  value,  to  which 
the  vowels  may  be  placed.  In  expressing  the  stroke  vowels, 
the  letter  j  t,  may  be  used,  and  the  vowel  sign  struck 
through  it  in  a  horizontal  or  slanting  position. 


e: 

€*erris£. 

. 

c 

/       .        '         S         1      ,           »       ,         f     V        1 

C        x 

2 

V 

C    '    J    s    ^  N    _   s  •  f 

v^-%X    X 

3 

v<r 

V          «-v        J           *-          -           '           S           \       .| 

-V. 

4 

j 

x   s   C-  ,    ^tv,f   J., 

<x  . 

5 

V 

<     <      .      «      v     ,    .!_  V^  N     • 

}■ 

6 

S 

1  *>*  /    ■    5   i   r  o  v.  > 

/TV-  -v 

7 

X 

rt         V-         \          1           r.         x                         o          03        O 

X- 

8 

V 

*   v    Y    »'  V.  v:  )"  .  M  ^. 

„  i^ 

9 

- 

/  T  -  ^_  % '  -x    c   /  «    ( 

°  t« 

10 

V 

'   /C~  '    C   .up     s  ^_  <r  s 

■•>  * 

11 

n 

'    s    v   \    !>    .    o    •  y  ° 

>^ » 

12 

V 

C     >'       f         A.    <*             )           .           )' 

1  <>. 

13 

(o 

,  '    n   v.  °   x  c   r  «rC 

_< 

14 

V 

/    < —    s  ••">  "^    .    v^  <i   <k_ 

,s  i- 

03 


W  AND    Y    LOGOGRAPHS. 


with  were  what  would 


ye,  year-s     yet        beyond  you 


^way      ^your     f  well      (/  where     ^{Waheen 

82.  When  two  words  arc  placed  to  one  sign,  as  when,  one, 
in  the  above  table,  it  signifies  that  c_^  represents  when,  if 
written  above  the  line,  and  one,  when  it  rests  upon  the  line. 

83.  In  the  above,  and  in  subsequent  tables  of  logograms, 
a  word  is  occasionally  printed  with  a  hyphen,  thus  year-s, 
or  with  double  final  letters;  thus,  importance  to  show  that 
the  logographs  may  represent  both  year  and  years,  important 
and  importance.  The  context  will  always  determine  which  is 
intended. 

84.  "When  a  sign  is  allowed  to  represent  more  than  one 
word,  as  u  for  year  and  years,  in  addition  to  its  own  sound 
ye,  they  are  such  words  as  will  not  clash. 

85.  iS  or  Z  may  be  added  to  a  logograph  as  I  it,  !  its, 
f     think,  (      thinks,  come,    — o  comes. 

86.  The  stroke  signs  ^  w  and  f  y  are  employed,  in 
preference  to  the  w  and  y  vowel  signs,  in  words  that  con- 
tain only  vowels  in  addition  to  these  letters,  except  for  the 
logograms  we,  ye,  you.  The  stroke  form  should  also  be  used 
in  words  where  w  is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  as  in  away, 
awake;  also  in  words  where  w  is  preceded  or  followed  by 
a  or  z,  as  in  wise;  sway;  and  whenever  these  full-sized 
characters  give  more  facile  forms,  or  clearer  vocalization. 
See  Exercise  on  the  opposite  page. 


GO 

(£xtxt\5t. 

. 

1 

* 

2 

<         er-^         c                    C          ■           V o         ^         \     <x  . 

* 

3 

I   •  <r  <    «    v    •  c    v.   l,    I 

x 

4 

5      «      '      „      ^     „     <V_  N     '     <     )' 

*- 

5 

^    «    v.    H,   *    r    f    .11  '    . 

* 

6 

1           °          \       "          *          „        .1          X^      s      X       V_ 

X 

7 

„    «    '    r  ~\    v    i    V    v    )"    „ 

- 

8 

<    <    N    r>    v    xi  s    r  i*^ 

X 

9 

*    ^.  _   *    .   °   .  .   x  xi   v  rv 

.« 

10 

'  J'   x  ■•■>    •    „     ,    v.   -)    1    •    I 

? 

11 

I    ,  \  c  x   r\.  N    c    „  «s  •■  . 

X 

12 

'         J          S ■       *\          ^          .             ^         „          c         V* 

* 

13 

1   °   <r  .^ \s  ~\  '   '  \  '. ;V~ 

V 

14 

1    r  xi   ^    c    x^    •    x   r    V 

> 

70 

SINGLE    CONSONANT    LOGOGRAPHS. 


\ 

up 

1 

it      / 

which         _    !k^d0m 
( come 

\ 

be 

1 

do           / 

advantage—    {  g^£er 

V 

for 

( 

think       \ 

so                  J         shall 

V 

have 

( 

them         \ 
will/' 

was             _J         usual-ly 
S*  are 

N  fme, 
\  him 

my 

\no 

/  thing 
Km0'  \  language 

way  ^  f  your 

ON    THE    POSITIONS    OF    WORDS. 

87.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  table,  that  all  the  hor- 
izontal consonants  are  used  in  two  positions, —  on,  and  above 
the  line.  The  position  which  a  logograph  occupies,  is  usu- 
ally determined  by  the  accented  vowel  of  the  word  it 
represents. 

88.  This  difference  of  position  should  be  applied  to  all 
words  that  do  not  fill  the  whole  depth  of  the  line  of  writing. 
"Words  containing  first-place  vowels  should  be  written  above 
the  line,  and  words  containing  second  and  third-place  vow- 
els should  rest  vpon  the  line.  By  observing  this  rule  of 
position,  the  outlines  of  a  large  number  of  words  may  be 
deciphered  by  the  practiced  Phonographer,  though  no  vowels 
are  inserted. 

89.  There  are  two  instances  in  the  Corresponding  Style  to 
which  this  rule  must  not  be  applied.  Any  should  be  writ- 
ten above  the  line,  so  that  when  the  vowels  are  omitted,  it 
may  not  be  mistaken  for  no,  a  word  of  opposite  meaning, 
and  represented  by^_^n,  on  the  line.  Men  should  be  writ- 
ten above  the  line,  and  man  on  the  line,  that  when  not 
vocalized  the  position  of  the  sign  may  indicate  the  word. 


71 

<£xtvc\se. 

1 

1     ft* 

w   .1    .    U  ■  c   v  V    ^  - 

2 

i     ) 

.    /    s    (    *    V.    1    s\  ';■>*    U  , 

3 

•0 

o>(       ^n        v       \        .       /-^               Q-P       * 

4 

*   J 

V      v     ^"     '^      <pn       k>.-  V-  1*  « 

5 

1    r 

N                     v       /*">                v                     o         r»       vp      * 

6 

v    ( 

G    £     r     \    v     /    v    -)    s   . 

7 

o   r ."  *s    v S. :  <1 .  .•   7/l' 

8 

v     )     . 

i    r/>i-/\T^. 

9 

1    r. 

\   vr./'\»t^^.. 

10 

/   ' 

v         V        C          >       /         f          -         ^1.           , 

11 

^ 

_  v.  ~  '    r  _  \    )  _  . 

12 

i    ) 

^          V.        ""*          >         to         (           C        .     "^    . 

13 

■v  * 

r  s  s  /  .    -    ,  .*  _y   ^_  c 

14 

1  -- 

72 


THE    HALVING    PRINCIPLE. 

90.  The  representation  of  the  past  tense  of  verbs,  and  the 
frequent  occurrence  cf  t  and  d  in  other  cases,  is  thus  con- 
veniently and  beautifully  provided  for  in  the  Phonographic 
system.  By  halving  any  of  the  single,  double,  or  treble 
consonants,  t  or  d  is  added,  according  as  the  consonant  is 
light  or  heavy;  t  being  added  when  the  consonant  is  light, 
and  d  when  it  is  heavy.  See  Table  of  double  consonants, 
and  exercise  on  the  opposite  page. 

91.  W  "X     f  y     s« ^  ng     •*"**  mp,  are  not  halved. 

92.  A  vowel  be/ore  a  half-sized  consonant  is  read  first. 
See  line  3.  A  vowel  after  a  half-sized  consonant  is  read 
next  to  the  primary  letter,  whether  single,  double,  or  treble, 
but  before  the  added  t  or  d.    See  lines  5  and  6. 

93.  Lt  f  should  be  written  upward,  and  Id  r  down- 
ward, and  vocalized  from  the  point  at  which  they  are  com- 
menced.    See    lines  7  and  8.     Yld  is  written  thus    r. 

94.  D  is  added  to  both  light  and  heavy  double  and  treble 
consonants  to  form  the  past  tense  of  verbs.     See  lines  9  to  11. 

95.  The  initial  w,  the  final  n,  /,  and  v,  and  the  Hon 
hook  letters,  when  halved,  represent  the  addition  of  either 
t  or  d;  thus,  c  is  wit,  or  wld;  </  vert,  wrd;  <r-  wmt,  wmd ; 
*s  wnt,  wnd ;  *•*  is  mnt,  or  mnd;  _=,  Aft,  Jcvd;  \>  piioned 
etc.  See  line  12. 

96.  When  it  is  required  to  express  an  added  d  at  the  end 
of  a  half-length  letter  ending  with  an  n,  f  or  v,  or  Hon  hook, 
the  hook  may  be  thickened.  See  line  13;  this,  however,  is 
seldom  necessary. 

97.  The  advanced  Phonographer  may,  with  but  little  if 
any  sacrifice  of  legibility,  use  a  half-sized  letter  to  represent 
either  an  added  t  or  d.     See    line  14. 

98.  A  full-sized  and  half-sized  consonant,  or  two  half-sized 
consonants,  must  not  be  joined,  unless  each  character  pre- 
serves its  distinctive  form.  Words  terminating  with  ted  or 
ded  are  written  as  in  line  15. 


73 

a 

ctrcisc. 

1 

ii 

c  - 

<- 

^ 

2 

rv 

r^- 

^v 

^ 

/\ 

^ 

"TT 

3 

— 

— 

s 

t\ 

<w- 

V 

0 

A 

4 

<^ 

<*> 

o 

\ 

V* 

r> 

& 

71 

5 
6 
7 

o 

iTN 

^ 

c 

c 

<v 

c 

1 

r 

1" 

T 

r 

n 

X^ 

1_ 

V 

C 

C 

<: 

61 

O 

^ 

< 

V 

v» 

Y* 

V 

Y 

•^ 

>vf 

">  1 

9 

n 

n 

rp 

o 

^\ 

<r-> 

•    f 

n 

10 

} 

* 

s^ 

"Sa 

^ 

/"' 

1 

> ! 

11 

<7^ 

•^ 

l^ 

1 

V 

'V   j 

1 

n 


14       I 


VI 


^ 


^i,  ^  c^o. 


<><>  r^ 


^ 


s 


74 


LOOPS    FOR    ST  AND    STR. 

99.  The  combination  st  is  conveniently  expressed  by  a 
loop,  made  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  stroke  to  which  it 
is  attached.     See  lines  1  to  4.     Vocalize  as  for  the  circle  s. 

100.  This  loop  is  used  as  initial  or  final.  After  |  t,  \  d, 
y/  cA,  y  j,  V  /,  V  v,  it  may  be  used  in  the  middle 
of  a  word.     See  line  5. 

101.  A  larger  loop  or  oval  represents  sir.     See  line  6. 

102.  St  and  sir  may  be  used  as  initial  loops  before  the 
Straight  letters  of  the  pr  series  of  consonants,  and  added 
as  final  loops  to  consonants  terminating  with  the  n  hook. 
See  line  7.     S  is  added  to  the  loops,  as  in  line  8. 

FINAL    HOOK    FOR    S-TION. 

103.  A  hook  made  by  continuing  the  s  circle  to  the  other 
side  of  the  consonant,  adds  Hon  or  sion. 

104.  The  hook  s-tion  may  be  vocalized  for  a  first  or  second- 
place  vowel  only,  by  writing  the  vowel  sign  be/ore  the  hook 
for  a  first-place,  and  after  it  for  a  second-place  vowel.  See 
line  9. 

105.  This  hook  may  also  follow  a  consonant  of  the  pns 
series,  as  in  condensation,  compensation.     See  line   10. 

106.  The  circle  s  or  z  may  be  added  to  this  back  hook, 
and  it  may,  occasionally,  be  used  in  the  middle  of  a  word. 
See  lines  10  and  11. 

LENGTHENED  CURVE ,  ADDING  THR. 

107.  When  a  curved  consonant  is  written  twice  its  usual 
length,  it  expresses  the  addition  of  ^  thr.  These  double- 
length  consonants  are  vocalized  like  the  half-length  ones. 
See  lines  12  and  13. 

108.  Advanced  Phonographers  may  employ  this  double 
curve  for  the  expression  of  ter  or  der,  as  well  as  thr. 


75 


•P 

L 

b 

.1 
% 


C 


<^ 


b 

i 


(Strtrttte. 


J^- 


-s    ^ 


J 


w 


V 


-T5> 


«r     T 


4     ^ 


>d~ 


A 


n 


76 


FINAL    HOOK    LOGOGRAPHS. 

N  Hook. 
\    upon        (/    general-ly     Vo  Phonography  rs   man 

\    been         — =  can  (     then  ^~^>   men* 

—s  again  (      alone  ^_j?  opinion* 

,P  and   V  Hook. 
\^   above  whatever  I     differ,  differ^0 

— a    gave 


J      done 


Tion   Hook. 

\j  objection         \    subjection 

ADDITIONAL  USE  OF  THE  FINAL  HOOKS. 

109.  The  hooks  for  n,  /  or  v,  and  tion  are  called  final  or 
terminal  hooks,  because  they  are  principally  used  at  the  end 
of  words.  It  is  however  allowable  to  employ  them  in  the 
middle  of  a  word  if  the  outline  is  not  thereby  rendered  in- 
distinct. The  hook,  itself,  cannot  be  vocalized;  correct  and 
distinct  vocalization,  therefore,  depends  upon  the  preceding  or 
following  consonant  affording  a  good  position  for  the  vow- 
el or  vowels  of  the  word.  Where  this  is  not  the  case,  the 
full  length  character  should  be  used. 

110.  As  the  Hon  hook  may  be  written  on  either  side  of  a 
straight  letter,  that  direction  should  be  chosen  which  secures 
the  most  distinct  outline.  After  a  straight  letter  beginning 
with  a  hook  or  circle,  the  Hon  hook  should  be  written  on 
the  side  opposite  to  the  circle  or  hook.  When  k-iion  follows 
/,  turn  the  hook  below;  when  h-tion  follows  Z,  turn  the  hook 
above:  this  preserves  the  straightness  of  the  k.  See  illus- 
trations on  the  opposite  page. 


77 

(Exercise. 

1 

"* >*    ° <   —  y    |   «    \  V    J    , 

2 

?  i  „  c  *  -.  h,  _[  v.  _  '  r,  * 

3 

-   ^  ,.  \-  w    r  -,  .    -^\  J^ 

4 

^  ^  >  v  r  v    -   r   r  ^  >°, 

5 

v    V.  w  N>    L    >    •     ^    v    )     1    .    ^  x 

6 

N*  : . ". :  4    \  *  ■  ■-*    3      ^V.c^x 

7 

v      •   '  V       C      *?   /   *<a     o      d    /  ^/  ■ 

8 

v  _=>    '    \  n    ,    ^   r    ~^^p   A* 

9 

r^       — ■=>     ^< .     </     ,    *Vo      .       ^S.        1     * 

10 

s  o    .    ^  -r^    N    ^    .1    °  ~v^  ■ 

11 

v^-w\)lNrtov*U> 

12 

'^yw^^^^^*  C 

13 

1     °    .     ^    '    /    5     °    .?     1       ^\ 

U, 

^,\0N^PCW^^?0^V 

L   AND    R    HOOK    LOGOGRAPHS. 


\ 


principjj 


|     dear        "^N  every       sr^    Mr.  remark  * 


\  remember-ed 


call* 


three 


°\  member         c difficult-y  °)  the£        <^_^    near,  nor  • 

f   tell,  till  Jj^     full  J  sure 

j    truth  °^    frum  J)  pleasure 

VOCALIZATION    OF    DOUBLE    CONSONANTS. 

111.  The  student  has  thus  far  been  able  to  insert  a  vowel 
only  before  and  after  a  double  consonant  of  the  pi  and  pr 
series.  A  method,  however,  is  provided  by  which  a  vowel 
may  be  inserted  between  the  two  letters.  For  the  long  vow- 
els 1,  2,  3,  write  a  small  circle  before  the  consonant,  in  the 
position  which  the  simple  vowel  would  occupy.  See  line  11. 
For  the  short  vowels  1,  2,  3,  write  a  small  circle  after  the 
consonant.     See  line  12. 

112.  In  a  few  words  the  position  of  the  consonants  makes 
it  inconvenient  to  observe  this  rule,  in  which  cases  the  circle 
for  a  long  or  short  vowel  may  be  written  on  either  side. 

113.  The  stroke  vowels  4,  5,  6,  for  both  long  and  short, 
are  struck  through  the  double  consonant.     See  line  13. 

114.  When  an  initial  hook  or  circle  would  interfere  with 
a  first-place  vowel,  or  a  final  hook  or  circle  with  a  third- 
place  vowel,  the  stroke  vowel  may  be  written  immediately 
before  the  commencement,  or  immediately  after  the  end  of 
the  consonant.     See  line  14. 

115.  This  rule  for  vocalizing  the  double  consonants  secures 
brief  and  convenient  forms  for  many  words  that  must  other- 
wise be  written  at  greater  length  with  the  single  consonants. 


79 

(Bxtxtxsz. 

1 

N  c ; A - "  2*  til ;  "P  ^ '  X  -  V  *n  > 

2 

C">vr.    f   *?    •     1    >    ^    L^  x 

3 

'^^^^"nnn^n^* 

4 

'    N,  S  is  /    1    s .  *S    N  s      ~^f    * 

5 

*>    °     °>      '      A     \    J7      s     v_>     ^'^ 

6 

'  V     c~     9     <N     1^    '     No    ^      °    'No   * 

7 

v^J7lrN^s-_V^^^I'x 

8 

\<^^°c_C)0-N4N^x 

9 

.r<\'jCo^c_)^_^x 

10 

v    J     "-     \    (     5     l^>     rs    C    ~\_     x 

11 

1         L.      g       r*       ^       ^      V 

12 

r     r°    k  *^>  v  v^~  n^ 

13 

<-+-0         ^          cH-          S^y         ^           ^         V^ 

14 

*                                                                                                                                        A 

80 


HALF-LENGTH    LOGOGRAPHS. 


*     particular-ly  * 

—  could 

(    thought* 

*■»  might* 

N     opportunity 

<=~    according-Iy  * 

(  that* 

«-»  mind* 

>    spirit  * 

c-    cared 

(  without 

^  not* 

P    told 

—=  cannot* 

)  establish-ed-ment 

_  nature 

i  toward 

-»  account 

j  short* 

<^  went* 

f  child* 

-    God* 

">   Lord,  read* Cv. 3 

ex  wont 

y  gentlemen* 

_   good 

^  word 

w  under 

</  gentleman 

c-  great 

<■>    immediate-ly » 

c/  world 

—  quite* 

v^  after 

"■»  made 

ON  THE  USE  OF  HALF-LENGTH  LETTERS. 

116.  A  leading  feature  in  Phonographic  writing  i&  to 
make,  whenever  practicable,  the  position  and  outline  of  a 
word  a  key  whereby  to  decipher  it,  independently  of  the  in- 
sertion of  vowels.  Tbe  halving  principle, —  like  every  other 
mode  of  abbreviation — ,  affords  frequent  opportunities  for  the 
writer  to  employ  this  method  of  distinguishing  words. 

117.  A  half-length  consonant,  when  used  by  itself,  should 
be  employed  for  words  that  contain  only  one  vowel,  as  void, 
loud,  met,  etc.,  and  the  two  single  consonants  for  words  that 
contain  two  or  more  vowels,  as  avoid,  aloud,  emit,  etc.  Empty, 
knotty,  Kitty,  pretty,  etc.,  cannot,  of  course,  be  written  with 
half-length  letters. 

118.  The  half-length  upward  r  is  used  only  when  joined 
to  other  letters.  When  rt  or  rd  are  the  only  consonants  in 
a  word,  use  the  half-length  downward  r  when  the  vowel 
precedes,  as  in  art,  heart,  heard,  sort,  sword,  etc.,  and  write 
the  full  length  letters  when  the  vowel  follows  the  r,  as  in 
write,  ride,  red,  etc.  An  exception  is  made  for  the  frequently 
used  word  read  ( pres.  tense.) 

119.  The  upward  rt  may  also  represent  rd,  in  afford,  an- 
swered, deciphered,  and  similar  words.  It  may  easily  be  made 
heavy  when  written  with  a  pencil. 


X 


(Bxtvtxsz. 


G  .   ^  x   .   c/   ,  -a   r> 


81 
\    -1      '       _      r     J       . 


o         ty  "^      /"       V 

v    <        -v     .     "*    v 


$-9 


J     -±&     .      c\  \ 


82 


PREFIXES. 

120.  The  characters  by  which  the  prefixes  and  affixes  on 
the  opposite  page  are  represented,  should  be  written  near, 
but  not  joined  to  the  remainder  of  the  word. 

121.  When  con,  com,  or  coj,  occurs  in  the  middle  of  a  word, 
it  is  expressed  by  disjoining,  and  writing  the  remainder  of 
the  word  close  to,  and  when  convenient,  somewhat  below  the 
commencing  syllable.  In  general  the  commencing  syllable 
need  not  be  vocalized.  See  lines  2  to  4.  The  reporter  may, 
in  like  manner,  indicate  these  syllables  in  Phrases. 

122.  In  writing  the  prefixes  re-con,  and  irre-con,  etc.,  the 
upward  or  downward  r  is  used  in  accordance  with  the  rule 
explained  in  paragraphs  131,  132. 

123.  A  prefix  of  a  sound  similar  to  any  on  the  opposite 
page,  may  be  represented  in  the  same  manner.  Thus,  <~> 
may  represent  enter,  as  well  as  inter  and  intro.  The  sign 
representing  this  prefix  may  often  be  joined  to  the  remain- 
der of  the  word  without  endangering  the  legibility  of  the 
writing. 

124.  In,  en,  or  un,  may  be  prefixed  to  the  treble  consonants 
of  the  spr  series,  and  to  I  and  m-}  by  a  backward  hook. 
See  line  6. 

AFFIXES. 

125.  For  the  terminations  ing  and  ings,  mse  >^y  and  >—p  in 
all  cases  where  it  can  be  conveniently  joined. 

126.  The  termination  ly  is  usually  joined  to  the  preceding 
part  of  the  word,  except  after  final  hooks. 

127.  The  terminations  l-ty  and  r-ty,  usually  ility  or  ality 
and  arity.  Any  character  when  disjoined  from  the  preceding 
part  of  the  word,  expresses  the  addition  of  either  of  these 
terminations.     See  line  11. 

128.  A  logograph  may  be  used  as  a  prefix  or  affix,  as 
V^   after,  for  afternoon  or  hereafter. 


83 

JJllfUtH. 

Con,  com 

i 

t 

\ 

1. 

tL  ...if!. 

Con,   com,   cog 

vo 

^w 

t 

-  -^ 

U               (( 

k 

fc 

s%*       /^J> 

/\  >^s 

Contv'i   Counter   [_ 

0 

s> 

t 

s 

\"> 

CircuiB,  self 

^ 

cf 

•So. 

°^s 

o^      »i-> 

In,   un 

1 

t* 

% 

*> 

/\      4-N^" 

Inter,   intro 

% 

% 

~s 

"V.. 

~L    -^ 

Magni,   magna 

^L 

%, 

V^_j, 

*£ 

^ 

5tffU'£0. 

Ing,  ings 

r 

,cT 

\   i 

ings 

rv     <^~ 

Ly 

V 

:yr 

f- 

V 

.ZC  ^ 

.  lit j,   arity 

Jn 

To 

V 

fcr- 

/            ^\ 

Self,  soever 

/"qn 

^ 

|         selves 

(o 

Ship 

*■         .... 

"V 

u? 

•^ 

h> 

/V 

84 


RULES    FOR    WRITIN'G    L    AND    R. 

Initial  L.  129.  When  I  begins  a  word,  and  is  followed  by 
k,  m,  or  any  of  their  derivatives,  use  the  upward 
I;  (  see  line  1 ;)  but  when  a  vowel  precedes  the 
I,  use  the  down  stroke.  See  line  2.  In  all  other 
cases  use  the  upward  or  downward  I,  as  may  be 
most  convenient. 

Final  L.  130.  "When  I  terminates  a  word,  and  is  imme- 
diately preceded  by  /,  v,  or  the  upward  r,  write 
the  I  downwards.  See  line  3.  When  there  is  a 
final  vowel,  write  the  I  upwards.  See  line  4.  (  An 
exception  is  made  in  writing  the  words  necessarily, 
sincerely,  inwardly,  etc.,  as  sufficiently  distinct  and 
more  convenient  forms  result  from  the  non-observ- 
ance of  the  rule.)  In  other  cases  use  the  most 
convenient  form. 

Initial  R.  131.  When  r  is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  use  the 
down  stroke.  See  lines  5  and  6.  This  rule  does 
not  apply  to  the  words  on  line  7,  as  inconvenient 
forms  would  result.  When  r  begins  a  word,  use 
the  up  stroke;  also  when  r  is  preceded  by  the 
circle  s,  and  is  preceded  and  followed  by  a  vowel. 
See  line  9.  When  r  is  followed  by  m  or  any  of 
its  derivatives,  use  the  downward  r.     See  line  10. 

Final  R.  132.  When  r  terminates  a  word,  use  the  down 
stroke.  See  line  11.  When  r  is  the  last  conso- 
nant in  a  word,  and  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  use 
the  up  stroke.  See  line  12.  After  g,  v,  th,  and 
m,  write  the  up  stroke  in  all  cases.  See  line  13. 
When  r  follows  two  descending  letters,  as  in  fix- 
ture, prepare,  etc.,  it  should  be  written  upwards. 
When  r  is  repeated  at  the  end  of  a  word,  as  in 
terror,  superior,  etc.,  write  the  upward  r  double 
length. 


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66 


SPECIAL    RULES,    CONTRACTIONS,    ETC. 

133.  "When  two  vowels  are  to  be  placed  to  one  consonant, 
that  vowel  should  be  written  nearest  which  is  sounded  near- 
est. See  line  1.  When  two  vowels  occur  between  two 
consonants,  place  one  to  each.     See  lines  1  and  2. 

134.  Diphthongs  of  the  first  and  third  positions  may  occa- 
sionally be  joined  to  consonants.     See  lines  3  and  4. 

135.  A  double  sized  circle  may  be  suggestively  vocalized, 
as  in  line  5.  Without  vowels  these  words  are  sufficiently 
distinct  to  the  practiced  Phonographer. 

136.  Many  words  ending  with  zd  are  best  written  with 
the  P  zd.  After  /^"  I,  the  upward  /  r,  ^_s  n,  and  /  h, 
the  thickened  loop  may  be  used.     See  line  6. 

137.  For  the  sake  of  brevity  and  speed,  license  is  occa- 
sionally permitted  in  writing,  which  is  not  to  be  practised 
in  speech.     See  line  7. 

138.  The  half-length  )  st,  or  )  zd,  may,  at  the  end  of  a 
few  words,  be  struck  upwards.     See  line  8. 

139.  The,  being  the  most  frequently  occurring  word  in  the 
language,  may  be  conveniently  joined  to  its  preceding  word, 
by  elongating  the  dot  into  a  short  slanting  tick,  written 
upwards  or  downwards  as  may  be  most  convenient.  See 
lines  9  and  10. 

140.  A  an  or  and  may  be  joined  to  a  preceding  or  follow- 
ing word  by  elongating  the  dot  into  a  short  vertical  or 
horizontal  tick.     See  lines  11  and  12. 

141.  Stops  are  written  in  the  usual  way,  except  the  period, 
for  which  a  small  cross  is  used.  In  reporting,  stops  should 
be  indicated  by  leaving  spaces.  The  note  of  interrogation 
is  placed  before  the  sentence,  and  that  for  doubt  at  the  end. 
See  lines  13  to  15.  An  emphasised  word  is  expressed  by 
drawing  a  waved  line  under  it.  Capitals  are  marked,  when 
necessary,  by  two  short  lines,  thus  m ,  placed  below  the  word. 
Write   figures  with  the    ordinary    numerals,    except  <z_^  onel 

^   two,  and    °)   three,  which  are  represented  by  logographs. 


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Liou 

88 

HINTS    FOR    PRACTICE. 

142.  "When  the  student  has  arrived  at  this  stage  of  the 
Manual,  he  should  be  so  familiar  with  all  the  engraved  ex- 
ercises over  which  he  has  passed,  as  to  be  able  to  read  them 
without  hesitation.  If  this  is  not  the  case,  he  is  earnestly 
advised  to  begin  the  book  anew.  The  time  thus  spent, 
could  not,  at  this  stage  of  his  progress,  be  better  employed, 
especially  is  he  advised  not  to  neglect  the  "  Writing  Exercises  " 
at  the  end  of  the  Manual. 

143.  The  learner  should  not  at  the  outset  of  his  practice 
attempt  to  use  all  the  abbreviations  that  have  been  explained. 
For  a  few  weeks,  his  great  aim  should  be  to  gain  a 
thorough  familiarity  with  the  single  and  double  consonants, 
and  the  vowels,  after  which  he  may  gradually  adopt  the 
abbreviations  as  he  feels  to  need  and  can  understandingly 
employ  them. 

144.  In  determining  the  best  outlines  for  words,  the  stu- 
dent will  find  that  the  shortest  forms  are  not  always  the 
best,  or  the  most  expeditiously  written,  nor  are  the  best 
forms  always  those  which  take  up  the  least  room.  As  a  gen- 
eral rule,  those  outlines  should  be  chosen  which  can  be  most 
easily  written  and  most  distinctly  vocalized.  The  student 
will  gradually  acquire  the  best  outlines  by  the  practice  of 
the  art,  and  by  reading  the  Phonographic  publications.  He 
is  advised  to  begin  with  the  Phonographic  Reader,  and  after 
it  the  Phonographic  Magazine.  He  may  then  obtain  other 
works  for  reading  practice  according  to  his  inclination  and 
means. 

145.  The  student  is  recommended  to  spend  as  much  time  in 
reading  as  in  writing  Phonography,  and  to  select  for  this 
engraved  rather  than  written  Phonography.  Articles  from 
the  Phonographic  Reader,  or  Phonographic  Magazine  should 
be  transcribed  into  long-hand,  and  then  written  out  in 
Phonographic  characters.  The  copy  should  then  be  com- 
pared with  the  original,  and  mistakes  corrected.  If  errors 
abound,  it  should  be  accepted  as  a  sufficient  reason  for  re- 
writing the  exercise. 


F  \  .  ...       M 

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90 

TABLE    OF    VOWELS,    DIPHTHONGS,    ETC. 

Vowels. 

Long. 

Sftort 

1.        E 

| 

eel 

i 

1 

ill 

2.         A 

*l 

ale 

e 

"I 

ell 

3.       AH 

.1 

arm 

a 

J 

am 

4.       AU 

"1 

all 

0 

1 

on 

5.         0 

"I 

ope 

u 

-1 

up 

6.       00 

J 

food 

00 

| 

foot 

Diphthongs.— I  V|    t'ce    AIV|    aye   01  A 

oil      OW    1    oicl 

Triphthongs.— WIL|  wine  WOI  1\    quoit 

WOW  J    wownd. 

Double  letters  op  the  W  and 

Y    SERIES. 

WE 

1 

we 

wi 

Cl 

irifc 

WA 

•1 

icay 

we 

c 

wet 

WAH 

cl 

qwalm 

wa 

J 

wag 

WAU 

1 

wall 

wo 

3| 

was 

WO 

3 

woke 

wu 

=  1 

won 

WOO 

,1 

wooed 

woo 

t\ 

wood 

YE 

1 

ye 

yi 

l 

* 

YA 

1 
yea 

ye 

J 

yet 

YAH 

J 

yahoo  j 

y» 

j 

yam 

YAU 

1 

yawn 

yo 

l 

yon 

YO 

"1 

yoke     '\ 

yu 

"l 

young 

YOO 

J       1 

you               voo 

J 

* 

91 

TABLE  OF  SINGLE  AND  DOUBLE  CONSONANTS. 

P 

\ 

PL 

\ 

PR 

s 

PK          \ 

PT          \ 

B 

\ 

BL 

\ 

BR 

\ 

BK         \ 

BD           \ 

T 

1 

TL 

P 

i 

TR 

1 

TN           j 

TT             | 

D 

1 

DL 

f 

DR 

1 

DX          J 

DD            | 

CH 

/ 

CHL 

y 

CHR 

/ 

chn  y 

CUT        / 

J 

/ 

JL 

s 

JR 

/ 

JN        ^ 

JI)           / 

K 

— 

EL 

e- 

KB 

*- 

KN        3 

KT          

G 

— 

GL 

t_ 

GR 

c— 

GN       3 

GD         — 

F 

V 

FL 

V 

FR 

^ 

FN        y^ 

FT          <s. 

V 

V 

VL 

V. 

VR 

•> 

vx       V- 

VD          ^ 

TH 

( 

THL 

c 

TUR 

*) 

TUN        ( 

THT        ( 

Til 

( 

THL 

c 

THR 

0 

TUN       ( 

THD       ( 

S 

) 

S 

o 

ST 

0 

SN          ) 

ST             ) 

z 

) 
J 

z 

o 

ZN          j) 

sun      y 

ZD           ) 

SIT 

SHL 

<y 

SHR 

J 

SIIT       J 

ZH 

J 

ZHL 

J 

ZIIR 

2 

ZHN     ^ 

ZIID      J 

L 

r 

WL 

LN        /° 

lt  r 

LD  r* 

R 

ft 

/ 

wa 

RT  ->i 

RD  -^ 

M 

— 

MP 

Mil 

T* 

WM 

c~^ 

MN       <"~i 

MT  ~ 

MD  r* 

N 

-— 

N 

v-> 

WN 

*s 

NN       ^_p 

NT  ^ 

ND  w 

'      NG 

,w 

NGX    ^J/ 

92 

£03C 

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ARRANGED 

PHONETICALLY.       (  FOR   THE   READER.) 

\ 

Up 

1 

toward 

«- 

cared 

\ 

princip^Jy 

1 

do 

-3 

cannot* 

\ 

upon 

1 

dear 

"» 

account 

*N 

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differg. 



give-n  * 

«\ 

opportunity 

J 

done 



together 

<\ 

spirit  * 

/ 

which 

-* 

gave 

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/> 

child* 

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again 

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re-member-ed 

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advantage 

— 

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</ 

general-ly 

c— 

great 

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object 

<y 

gentlemen  * 

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for 

\> 

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<y 

gentleman 

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^ 
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subjection 

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every 

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told                ' 

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above  the  line. 

) 

three 

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thought  * 

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Lord,  read* 

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your         93 

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word 

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yours 

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world 

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me,  my*  him 

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men,*  man 

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<r^ 

remark,  Mr.* 

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all* two,  too 

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we* 

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when  *  one 

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ye,  year-s  * 

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short  * 

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opinion  * 

n 

you 

J 

usual-ly 

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nor,  near  * 

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with,»  were 

J 

pleasure 

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not,*  nature 

3 

what,*  would 

r 

will 

^ 

under 

- 

beyond  * 

c 

well 

«-> 

went,*  wont 

\J 

yet 

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alone 

^ 

thing* 

V 

I* 

/ 

are 

W 

language 

A 

how 

</ 

where 

^ 

way 

r 

I 

94 

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ARRANGED 

ALPHABETICALLY.       (  FOB 

THE   WRITER.) 

• 

A 

—3 

cannot  • 

— 

good 

\> 

above 

-— 

care 

- 

great 

<=- 

according-ly  * 

c— 

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V 

have 

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account 

/» 

child* 

/ 

he 

/ 

advantage 



come 

— 

him 

k. 

after 

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how 

•^ 

again 

1 

dear 

V 

I* 

\ 

all* 

I 

differ^ 

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immediate-ly* 

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alone 

=— 

difficult-y 

O 

importan*e*- 

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already  * 

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improve-ment 

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J 

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ment 

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first 



kingdom  * 

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as 

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for 

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language 

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■^ 

Lord,  read* 

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man 

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— > 

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n 

beyond  • 

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men* 

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gentleman 

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might* 

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call  * 

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gentlemen  • 

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<TN 

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God* 

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my,  me  * 

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nature 

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what  * 

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on* 

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<^_V 

when  * 

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v~_^> 

opinion  • 

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theT; 

J 

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opportunity 

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thing* 

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who 

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or* 

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will 

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( 

thought  * 

( 

without 

Vo 

Phonography 

r 

three 

<^> 

wont 

J 

pleasure 

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"1 

word 

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quite  • 

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told 

3 

would 

■> 

Lord,  read* 

1 

toward 

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ye,  year-s  * 

<^ 

remark,  Mr.* 

1 

truth 

<J 

yet 

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remember-ed 

\ 

two 

n 

you 

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shall-t 

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your 

j 

short  • 

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yours 

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i  ">- 

so 

j 

usual-ly 

96 


FOREIGN  SOUNDS. 

147.  It  is  often  a  convenience,  sometimes  a  necessity,  to  use 
in  speech  and  writing,  words  of  foreign  origin.  Numerous 
words  and  phrases,  chiefly  from  the  French,  have  thus  become 
incorporated  with  the  English  tongue.  It  has  however  been 
a  too  common  practice  to  give  to  foreign  words  and  names, 
a  crude,  idiomatic  pronunciation,  in  accordance  with  the  En- 
glish use  of  letters.  This  is  to  be  deprecated  as  tending  to 
confusion,  and  making  ignorance,  not  knowledge,  the  standard 
of  practice. 

148.  Route,  tour,  espionage,  fracas,  etc.,  are  frequently  pro- 
nounced rst,  t-sr,  espeonaj,  frakas,  etc.,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted 
that  Dr.  Webster  has  lent  his  authority  to  the  practice.  By  the 
French,  and  by  educated  Americans  who  are  acquainted  with  the 
language  whence  these  words  are  derived,  they  will  always 
be  pronounced  root,  tor,  espionaj,  f rakq,  etc.  If  the  French  pos- 
sess a  word  for  a  thought  or  feeling  for  which  we  have  no 
adequate  expression,  let  us,  if  we  feel  the  need,  accept  their 
word  with  which  to  enrich  our  own  language;  but  to  coin 
from  a  word  already  in  use  by  millions  of  people,  a  new 
and  mongrel  sound,  offensive  alike  to  the  native  and  edu- 
cated ear,  and  to  all  ideas  of  good  taste,  is  a  practice  which 
all,  Phoneticians  especially,  should  uniformly  discourage. 

149.  For  the  representation  of  foreign  sounds,  and  for  a  more 
exact  representation  of  English  than  is  provided  by  the  twelve 
vowel  scale,  an  extended  scheme  is  here  presented. 

150.  In  ordinary  Phonography  there  is  no  distinction 
made  between  the  e  in  merry,  and  the  e  in  mercy;  between 
the  a  in  dame,  and  that  in  dare;  nor  between  the  a  in  at, 
or  the  a  in  calm,  and  that  in  ask.  By  careful  speakers,  in 
this  country  and  in  England,  these  words  are  differently  pro- 
nounced ;  and  in  Phonetic  printing  the  three  additional  sounds 
here  referred  to  ,are  indicated  by  appropriate  signs.  Suitable 
marks  should,  therefore,  be  provided  in  Phonography,  though 
it  would  be  needless  precision  to  insist  upon  their  constant 
use  in  ordinary  writinc\ 


■  i   1                                                                               ' — 

97 

(SU'tenbeii 

5Upl)CllKt. 

Long   Vowels. 

Short   Vowels. 

1 

e 

earth  E.  le  F. 

7 

i 

ici    F. 

•J 

e 

frere  F.    air  E. 

8 

e 

e'te'  F. 

a 

pate    F. 

9 

'a 

patte  F.  ask  E. 

i 

6 

ii 

Gbthe    G. 

10 

6 

'| 

Bocke  G. 

5 

eu 

'| 

deux     F. 

11 

0 

'1 

bonne  F. 

6 

u 

il 

rue   F. 

12 

ii 

'1 

Kunste  G . 

Nasal   Vou-els. 

Dissyllabic,    Diphthongs. 

17 

ee-i 

being 

13 

in 

^ 

fin         ^'     <& 

18     • 

a-i 

< 

clayey 

14 

en 

W 

en  danse 

19 

ah-i 

<! 

15 

un 

i 

bran 

20 

au-i 

>i 

Caughey 

16 

on 

S> 

boa 

21 

o-i 

> 

owing 

22 

00-i 

>i 

Louis 

Consonants. 

23 

ch 

-+- 

ich  G.  loch  S. 

27       O-e          A|          owed 

24 

gfc 

-*- 

einig  G, 

Abbreviations. 

25 

11 

/r 

Llanelly    W. 

w  !r*3    o   K      f  7 

26 

r 

*,# 

amor  I. 

1     V*r      s     P7        w     ^ 

, 

POSITIONS  OF  WORDS. 

151.  In  the  Corresponding  Style  of  Phonography,  one  po- 
sition only  is  recognized  for  full  sized  down  strokes;  and 
two  positions,  namely  on  and  above  the  line,  are  used  for 
horizontal,  and  half-sized  characters,  and  for  vowel  signs.  In 
the  more  advanced,  or  Reporting  Style  of  Phonography,  three 
positions  are  used  for  all  characters ;  —  the  positions,  as  in 
the  simple  style  of  Phonography,  being  determined  by  the 
primary  or  accented  vowel  in  the  word.  By  this  means  the 
leading  vowel  in  a  large  number  of  words  may  be  indicated, 
without  being  inserted,  and  a  speed  in  writing  acquired 
which  would  otherwise  be  unattainable. 

152.  When  single  lined  paper  is  used, —  and  wrhen  plain  pa- 
per is  used,  an  imaginary  line  is  supposed  to  exist,  on  which 
the  writing  rests  — ,  words  occupying  the  first  position  are 
written  above  the  line;  words  in  the  second  position  are 
written  on  the  line;  while  those  in  the  third  position  are 
written  immediately  below  the  line. 

153.  To  secure  greater  legibility,  paper  ruled  with  double 
lines  is  employed  by  most  reporters;  the  lines  being  about 
one  eighth  of  an  inch  apart,  with  double  that  distance  be- 
tween the  lines  of  writing.  The  advantages  of  double  lined 
paper  are,  that  it  secures  greater  distinctness  for  words  in  the 
first  position;  it  distinguishes  between  full  and  half-sized 
characters  in  the  first  position,  and  checks  the  tendency  to 
write  too  large  when  reporting.  When  this  description  of  pa- 
per is  used,  the  following  are  the  positions  to  be  observed. 

For  full  sized  upright,  and  sloping  characters. 
1st.  position;     through  the  upper  line. 
2nd.  position ;  ;  between  the  lines. 
3rd.  position ;     through  the  lowTer  line. 
For  horizontal,  half-sized  characters,  and  vowel  signs. 
1st.  position ;     immediately  below  the  upper  line. 
2nd. position;     resting  on  the  lower  line. 
3rd.  position ;     immediately  below  the  lower  line. 


99 


Outlines  of  tUorbs 

OF  FREQUENT   OCCURRENCE,  WHICH   IT   IS  UNNECESSARY   TO  VOCALIZE. 


Accordance 
Also 

Always 
America 

American 
Article 

Association 
Beautiful 

Being 
Belong 

Better 
Between 

Certainly 
Birth 

Collect 
Consequence 

Consequent 
Concerned. 

Consist 
Consistent 

Convenience 
Convenient 

Correct 
Corresponding 

Country 
Demonstrate 

Distinction 
Evident 

Exercise 
Exist 


n 


r^ 


19 


V 


■°— 0 


w>    w 


u 


h 


^ 


Existed 
Existence 

.-?.... 

-f 

Finished 
Following 

0 

I 

Forget 
Freedom 

"\. 

■2a 

Frequent 
Furnish 

% 

2 

Fully 
Gentle 

C 

$ 

Greater 
Habit 

*/ 

S>> 

Head 
However 

A 

*S 

Indebted 
Individual 

M    ' 

7 

Intellect 
Intend 

X. 

VA* 

Intended 
Jesus 

v^_^l 

4 

Kindred 
Learn 

■s 

-o> 

Learned  ( adj.) 
Learned  (part.) 

n 

^ 

Likely 
Little 

r-~ 

/" 

Long 
Middle 

c 

>■ 

Misses 
Moderate 

^ 

s-S 

J 


100 

©tttl 

i  nt  5 

of  lUorbs 

OF  FREQUENT 

OCCURRENCE,  WHICH 

IT   IS  UNNECESSARY   TO  VOCALIZE. 

Modern 
Mrs. 

S 

*~Z> 

Simple 
Situation 

*V 

j 

Necessarily 

Necessity 

s9f 

*f 

Social 
Sometimes 

/'. 

<rv~b 

Needless 
Nothing 

X 

XJ 

Sorrow 
Special 

oS 

V 

Otherwise 
Owing 

\ 

<>/ 

Splendid 
State 

> 

P 

Perhaps 
Possessed 

% 

y 

Statement 
Stead 

I 

f 

Prepare 
Prepared 

«v 

X 

Study 
Success 

\ 

cljD 

Property 
Proportion 

^v^ 

Successful 
Surrender 

•± 

"1 

Purpose 
Quality 

^ 

h 

System 
Treated 

fcv 

1i 

Quantity 
Rational 

~i 

f 

Tuition 
Turn 

J 

l> 

Render 
Require 

/\ 

s- 

Undertake 
United  States 

1L 

n 

Reward 
Saying 

y. 

V 

Unless 
Waste 

Y 

■* 

Science 
Scientific 

l> 

K_ 

"Whether 
Willing 

s 

r-' 

Seeing 
Sensible 

X, 

lV 

Willingly 
Write 

rr 

•1 

Separate 
Separated 

1 

S 

Work 
Writing 

^~ 

/^ 

Separation 
Shorthand 

°V> 

e 

Written 
Yesterday 

y*~s 

vl 

101 


REPORTING  STYLE  OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 

154.  The  present  work  treats  specially  of  the  Correspond- 
ing Style  of  Phonography,  and  the  simpler  style  of  Reporting. 
For  the  study  of  reporting,  as  an  art,  the  reader  is  referred 
to  the  Reporter's   Companion,  and  the  Phrase  Booh. 

155.  The  exceeding  brevity  and  legibility  of  the  Reporting 
Style  of  Phonography  is  due  to  the  observance  of  the  fol- 
lowing principles  of  abbreviation ;  — 

1st.  Writing  words  in  one  of  three  positions,  by  which 
the  leading  or  primary  vowel  of  a  word  may  be  indicated 
without  being  inserted. 

2nd.  The  use  of  additional  Logographs  in  each  of  the 
three  positions,  by  which  all  the  most  frequently  occurring 
words  in  the  language  are  provided  with  brief  signs.  A  list 
of  the  most  useful  of  these  reporting  logographs,  which  the 
student  should  first  employ,  is  given  on  page  104. 

3rd.  The  use  of  Phraseography,  that  is,  the  joining  of 
words,  chiefly  logographs,  into  phrases,  without  lifting  the 
pen  or  pencil  from  the  paper;  —  one  of  the  most  useful  and 
beautiful  features  of  the  Reporting  Style  of  Phonography. 
The  phrases  on  pages    103,  will   suggest    many  more. 

Occasionally  a  prefix  or  affix  may  be  joined  to  the  other 
portion  of  the  word,  as  w  for  inter  or  intro,  or  \  for  the 
affix  bility,  without  any  danger  of  illegibility. 

4th.  The  use  of  contractions,  or  portions  of  long  words, 
which  are  in  most  cases  suggestive  of  the  omitted  por- 
tion.    See  list  of  Contractions  on  page  102. 

5th.  "Writing  words  containing  the  same  consonants,  in 
different  positions  and    by  different    outlines.     See  page  85. 

6th.  Omitting,  yet  in  some  way  indicating,  unimpor- 
tant words. 

The  connective  phrase  of  the  is  indicated  by  writing  the 
words  between  which  it  occurs  near  to  each  other. 

Of  may  be  omitted  in  the  following  and  similar  phrase- 
ographs;  House  (of)  God,  Act  (of)  Congress,  Word  (of)   God. 


102 


About 

Acknowledge 

Acknowledged 

Afterward 
Anything 
Become 

Capable 

Capability 

Disadvantage 

Doctrine 

Especially 

Forward 

Himself 

Impossible 

Inconsistent 

Independent 

Independence; 

Indiscriminate 

Indispensible 

Influence 

Influenced 

Influential 

Information 

Instruction 

Intelligence 

Intelligent 

Intelligible 

Interest 

Interested 

Irregular-ity 

Knowledge 

Magazine 

Manuscript 

Mistake 

Mistaken 

Myself 

Natural-ly 

Never 

Nevertheless 


(Contractions 


v       ~7 


New 

Next 
Notwithstanding 

Now 
Object  . 
Only 

Onward 
Peculiar-ity 
Phonetic  Society 

Phonographer 
Phonographic 
Practicabj^ 

Probably 

Public-ation 

Publish-ed 

Regular-ity 

Represent 

Representation 

Representative 
Represented 
Republic 

Several 

Something 

Subject 

Subjection 
Surprise 
Tern.  Society 

Transcribe 
Transcript 
Transcription 

Transgress 

Understand 

Understood 

Whatsoever 

Whenever 

Whensoever 

Wheresoever 

Wherever 

Whosoever 


103 


\ }  ij  i*  a  s  c  o  %  v  a  p  i)  s 


Are  not 
As  far  as 

i  ** 

s 

It  is  impossible 
It  is  not 

K      I 

As  good  as 
As  great  as 

Q_0 

<r* 

It  is  said 
It  is  the 

)       * 

As  it 

As  much  as 

) 

■-£■- 

It  mr>y  be  [well 
It  may  be  as 

k   w- 

As  soon  as 
As  well  as 

<Ls> 

c 

It  must  be 

It  shd  have 

K  L 

Could  be 
Could  not 

-^ 

-~ 

0?  course 
Of  his 

^ — D                NO 

Did  not 
Do  not 

J 

J 

On  the  contrary 

Ought  to  be 

V    <, 

Has  been 
Has  not 

s 

& 

Slid,  have  seen 

That  is 

-w  jL 

Have  been 
He  has-is 

X 

A 

There  are       [n 
There  axe  sever 

^    >^L 

He  has  been 

A 

They  are 

)      6 

His  own 

~C7 

This  is 

I  am  glad 
I  am  not 

r^ 

v^> 

Those  who  are 

To  be 

K v 

i  

I  do 

1  do  not 

1 

3 

To  do 
We  are 

I  have 

I  may  not  be 

v 

X 

We  are  not 
We  have 

tL     V 

If  it  be 
In  order  that 

X 

jr 

We  will 
Were  not 

.J!    s 

In  order  to 
Is  it 

S_A 

) 

With  which  the 

You  may 

J  - 

Is  not 

0^ 

I 

You  will 

s~ 

It  is 

You  will  not 

I    ^    -" 

or  ting  £ogograpl)s 


d 
ment 


Able 
Able  to 

Act 
Advertise 

At,  out 
Aware 

Away 
Because 

Belief-ve 

By 


Christian-ity 
Danger 

Doctor 
Durinpr 


Each 
Ever 

Glory 
Govern 

Had 
Heard 


e-l 
ment 


Her-e 
However 

Human 
If 

It  will 
Large 

Larger 
Letter 

Matter 
May 


Mercy 
Much 

Number 
Other 

Our 
Ourselves 

Own 
People 

Pratic*jd 
Put 

i  Satisfaction 
Satisfactory 

!  Than 
Thank 


These 
Those 

Though 
Through 

Thus 
Time 

Union 
Until 

Us-e 
Use  (v.) 

Value 
Very 

Whichever 
Which  will 

Whom 
Yourself 


-v 


Q 

c 


( 


f 


To  obtain  a  practical  acquaintance  with  Phonography,  it 
is  not  sufficient  that  the  explanations  in  this  work  be  read, 
and  the  engraved  exercises  afterwards  copied  and  re-copied 
many  times;  it  is  necessary  that  the  student  should  write 
exercises  from  the  common  spelling,  in  order  to  test  his  fa- 
miliarity with  the  sounds  of  words,  and  with  the  different 
parts  of  the  system  used  in  their  Phonographic  expression. 

These ,  exercises  should  be  written  in  a  Phonographic  Copy- 
Book,  made  of  ruled  paper,  occasionally  with  a  pencil,  at 
other  times  pen  and  ink.  When  lessons  are  received  in  class, 
a  pencil  is  commonly  used,  while  those  exercises  which  are 
written  at  home,  and  which  ought  to  be  prepared  with  great- 
er care,  should  be  written  with  a  pen. 

It  will  be  of  great  advantage  to  the  student  to  write  each 
combination  or  word  in  these  exercises  at  least  three  or  four 
times;  first,  as  a  test  of  his  acquaintance  with  that  principle 
of  the  system  involved  in  its  correct  representation ;  second- 
ly, to  gain  that  familiarity  with  the  signs  which  comes  from 
repeatedly  observing  them,  and  to  attain  that  ease  in  writ- 
ing them,  which  results  from  knowing  exactly  how  any  letter 
or  word  should  be  written,  without  a  moment's  hesitation. 


exercise  I. 

Combination  ok  Consonants. 
(See  Manual  of  Phonography.     Pur.   7  to  12.) 

Write  the  following  combinations  of  consonants.  The  let- 
ters that  are  joined  by  a  hyphen  are  to  be  written  without 
lifting  the  pen. 

t-k  t-m  m-k  n-k  k-n  m-n  n-m  n-n  rn-m  p-k  p-ra 
ch-k  ch-m  ch-n  m-1  k-1  n-1  p-1  t-1  1-n  f-ni  f-1  1-t  1-f 
1-p    t-m-k    t-m-n    t-m-1    m-l-n    1-t-l    1-t-m    1-n-t. 

In  the  following  combinations  the  first  letter  should  be 
written  down  to  the  line  and  the  second  below  it. 

p-t    b-t    t-p    t-b    f-t    f-d    v-t    t-f   ch-t    ch-p    p-ch    f-ch  f-r. 

In  the  following  combinations,  the  first  consonant  should 
be  commenced  sufficiently  high  above  the  line,  to  allow  the 
descending  letter  to  rest  upon  it. 

k-t  n-t  m-t  k-p  n-p  n-f  n-v  k-v  k-f  m-f  m-v  k-ch 
k-j  n-ck  m-ch  k-t-k  k-t-m  k-t-n  n-t-1  k-t-1  k-p-1  n-p-1 
ii-t-k    k-ch-k. 


EXERCISE  II. 
Combinations  with  the  Circle  S.  (See  par.  13  and  14.) 
m-s  n-s  m-n-s  nni-s  m-s-m  n-s-n  m-s-k  k-s-m  n-s-k 
k-s-n  t-s  t-m-s  t-ra-n-s  p-m-s  p-m-n-s  p-l-s  p-s-1  p-s-n 
t-s-n  n-s-t  m-s-t  p-s-k  t-s-k  f-s-n  f-s-k  p-s-t  f-s-t  t-s-t 
p-s-p  ch-s-t  ch-s-p  p-s-ch  s-t  s-t-k  s-p  s-p-k  s-p-1  s-ch 
s-f    s-m    s-n    s-m-t    s-n-t    s-n-f    s-th    s-ng    s-m-n    s-m-ng. 


EXERCISE  III. 
Combinations  wiTn  the  Upward  R.     (See  Par.  15  and  17.) 
t-r    p-r    m-r    f-r    k-r   ch-r    r-t    r-p    r-k    r-n    r-f   r-v   r-ch 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


m-t-r  m-r-t  n-t-r  r-n-t  k-r-t  t-r-k  t-r-n  s-n-t-r  t-r-n-s 
m-r-n-s  s-m-r-t  p-s-r  r-s-p  t-s-r  m-r-s-n  t-m-s-r  t-s-m-r 
m-s-r-t    m-r-B-m    r-n-s-t-r    r-s-t-m    p-r-s-n. 


EXERCISE  IV. 
On  the  Vowels.     (  See  Par.  18  to  28. ) 

Write  the  six  long  vowels  after  the  consonants,  t,  p,  k,  f, 
s,  the  downward  r,  m,  n. 

Write    the  six  long  vowels    before  t,  p,  k,  f,  s,  the  down- 
ward r,  m,  n. 

Write  the  six  long  vowels  after  the  letter  1. —  ( See  Par.  23.) 

Write  the  six  long  vowels  after  the  upward  r. —  (See  Par. 
15  and  23.) 

Write  the  six  long  vowels  before  the  downward  r. 


EXERCISE  V. 

Words  containing:  Long  Vowels.     (See  Par.  18  to  28.) 

In  writing  the  following  exercise  the  student  must  pay  no 

attention  to  the  usual    spellinq  of   a  word,  but   simply  to  its 

sound,  when   deliberately  pronounced.     Each  word  should  be 

written  several  times. 

Me,  may,  nay,  no,  gnaw,  see,  say,  saw,  so,  tea,  toe,  too, 
day,  do,  though,  they,  the,  eat,  ought,  oat,  ease,  owes,  eve, 
aid,  team,  take,  talk,  meek,  make,  came,  name,  maim,  mane, 
meal,  mere,  more,  peer,  pour,  fame,  peel,  pail,  pole,  Paul, 
keel,  coal,  call,  beat,  bought,  boat,  bait,  feed,  fade,  peach, 
beach,  peep,  shade,  shape,  shave,  sheep,  page,  poach,  beak, 
bake. 


EXERCISE  VI. 
Simple  Words.     The  Upward  and  Downward  E. 
(See  Par.  15  and  23.) 
In  writing  the  following  words,  use  the  upward  R. 
Ray,  row,  (v.)  rue,  reap,  rope,  robe,  wrought,  wrote,  road, 
rake,  rate,  rogue,  reach,  rage,  mere,  core. 

The  following  words  are  most  conveniently  written  with 
the  downward  R. 

Ear,  oar,  arm,  ark,  ream,  Rome,  fear,  four,  form,  sheer, 
share,  shore. 

Rules  for  determining  when  the  upward  and  when  the 
downward  I  and  r  should  be  used,  are  given  in  a  subsequent 
lesson :  they  are  immaterial  at  this  stage  of  the  learner's 
practice. 


EXERCISE  VII. 
Words  containing  A  before  R. 

In  the  utterance  of  careful  speakers,  a  distinction  is  made 
between  the  a  in  air,  dare,  etc. ,  and  that  heard  in  aim,  dame, 
etc.  This  difference  may  be  indicated  in  Phonography,  but 
as  a  before  r  is  uniformly  pronounced  with  a  more  open 
position  of  the  organs  of  speech,  than  when  it  precedes  any 
other  consonant,  it  is  not  found  necessary,  in  practical  Pho- 
nography, to  note  the  distinction.  The  following  words 
should,  therefore,  be  written  with  the  second-place  heavy  dot. 

Use  the  downward  r.  Air,  fair,  pair,  dare,  bare,  share, 
chair,  ne'er. 


EXERCISE  VIII. 
Words  commencing  with  S.     (  See  Par.  35.) 
Stay,    stake,    stakes,    stalk,    stalks,    speak,    spake,    spoke, 


I 

WRITING    EXERCISES. 


steak,  smoke,  snake,  snakes,  seat,  sought,  soup,  soap,  seal, 
sale,  soul,  same,  seem,  seen,  sane,  soon,  safe,  save,  sear, 
sore,  seed,  sowed,  siege,  sage. 


EXERCISE  IX. 
Placing  Vowels  to  S  or  Z.     (  See  Par.  30.) 
When  it  is  necessary  to  place  a  vowel  to  s  or  z,  the  stroke 
form  must  be  used. 

See,  say,  saw,  sew,  easy,  ease,  owes,  ooze,  zeal. 


EXERCISE  X. 
Words  containing  Short  Vowels.     (  See  Par.  29  to  33.) 

1st.  light  Dot:  Bit,  mill,  fill,  pick,  stick,  rip,  rib,  bit,  pill, 
bill,  dip,  tick,  spill,  pillow,  billow,  filly,  pity, 
city,  finny,  giddy,  Guinea. 

2d.  light  dot:  Second  place  vowels  are  written,  not  after  the 
first,  but  before  the  second  consonant. 
Bell,  get,   pet,    bet,    peck,    peg,    deck,    neck, 
dell,  fed,  bed,  leg,  red,    beg,    wreck,    bellow, 
fellow,  mellow,  ferry,  merry,  perry,  berry. 

3d.  light  dot:  Third-place  vowels  are  written  before  the 
second  consonant.  Rat,  rag,  tack,  pack,  back, 
bag,  rack,  lack,  lag,  nag,  catch,  match,  valley, 
fallow,  marrow,  carry,  tarry,  parry,  marry. 

1st.  light  dash:  Log,  got,  rot,  rob,  rock,  lock,  knock,  fog, 
loll,  top,  doll,  nod,  pot,  folly,  volley,  Polly, 
body,  rocket,  morrow,    foggy. 

2d.  light  dash  :  Rub,  sun,  some,  rut,  duck,  cub,  luck,  tub, 
love,  cuff,  buck,  buff,  ruff,  bud,  lucky,  sunny, 
funny,  money,  gully,  ruddy,  fusty. 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


3d.  light  dash  :  Pull,  full,  foot,  shook,  book,  rook,  look,  took, 
nook,  pully,  pullet,  bully,  bullet,  fully. 


EXERCISE  XI. 
Words  containing  Third-place  Vowels.      (  See  Par.  33.) 
Long   Vowels. —  Food,  move,  mood,  moon,  boom,  pool,  rood, 
calm,  alms,  palm,  balm,  room,  (with  downward  r,)  roof  (  with 
the  upward  r.) 

Short   Vowels. —  Bat,  patch,  batch,  latch,  match,    rat,    bag, 
lag,  foot,  bull,  rook,  soot,  took,  nook. 


EXERCISE  XII. 
Diphthongs.     (  See  Par.  39  and  43.) 

I. —  Time,  tire,  mire,  timely,   pile,    bile,    mile,  ripe,  knife, 
nice,  mice,  snipe,  smile,  spike,  stile,  sign,  sire,  pike,  fire,  dire. 

01. —  Toy,  boy,  joy,  boil,  foil,  coil,  noise,  noisy,  spoil,  toil. 

OW. —  Bow,  vow,    cow,    row,    thou,    sow,  out,    our,    owl, 
mouth. 

U. —  Few,  view,  knew,  mew,  use,  (n.)use,  (verb)    youth, 
youth's,  youths,  pure. 

WI. —  Wide,  wife,  wives,  wire,   wine,    quite,  twice,  twine, 
wipe,  wiles. 


EXERCISE  XIII. 
W  and  Y  Compound    Vowels.     (  See  Par.  41  and  42.) 
Write  the  signs  for   the  long  we,  wa,  wah,   etc.    before    the 
letter  t. 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


Write  the  signs  for  the  short  wi,  we,  wa,  etc.  ,  before  the 
letter  t. 

Write  the  signs  for  the  long  ye,  ya,  yah,  etc.  ,  before  the 
letter  t. 

Write  the  signs  for  the  short  yi,  ye,  ya,  etc.  ,  before  the 
letter  t. 

Weed,  wait,  weave,  weep,  wave,  sweet,  Swede,  sweep, 
walk,  wove,  woke,  wore,  swore,  quote,  squeal,  squall,  square, 
wit,  wet,  twig,  quip,  squib,  wag,  watch,  wash,  worm,  year, 
years,  yawn,  yet,  young,  yellow,  Yankee. 


EXERCISE  XIV. 
Double  Consonants.  (  See  Par.  44  to  53.) 
Tree,  try,  tr.ay,  true,  Troy,  dream,  tribe,  trip,  trap,  trick, 
trim,  track,  tram,  dram,  brag,  broke,  pray,  prow,  preach, 
prime,  pride,  price,  prize,  brew,  break,  brace,  brought,  brick, 
claim,  clear,  clime,  Clyde,  glide,  clip,  clap,  creep,  crape, 
greet,  grape,  growth,  grot,  grotto,  creed,  Creole,  crude,  crisp, 
grasp,  keeper,  caper,  copper,  pewter,  bitter,  metre,  mitre, 
fighter,  feeder,  nitre,  paper,  pauper,  pepper,  reaper,  river, 
rover,  lever,  lover,  cover,  weaver,  waver,  wafer,  clover, 
cleaver,  clever,  legal,  regal,  uncle,  ankle,  anger,  angry,  table, 
stable,  stubble,  title,  tattle,  piper,  riper,  rocker,   raker. 


EXERCISE  XV. 
Str  series  op  Consonants.     (  See  Par.  54  to  60.) 
Straw,  strew,  stray,    strip,    strike,    struck,    spray,    spread, 
string,  spring,  strong,  sprung,  sprang,    scrape,    scribe,    scrip, 
scrap,  scrawl,  sprout,  scratch,  screech. 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


For  the  following  words,  see  Par.  56.  Destroy,  prosper, 
express,  expressive,  extreme,  extra,  exclaim,  exclude. 

For  the  following  words,  see  Par.  58.  Describe,  disgrace, 
disagree,  descry,  disagreeable,  disgraceful. 

For  the  following  words,  see  Par.  60.  Setter,  satyr, 
suitor,  sweeter,  cider,  supper,  sober,  sapper,  sabre,  settle, 
saddle,  supple,  sickle,  cycle,  civil,  sooner. 


EXERCISE      XVI. 
Initial  W  Hook.     (  See  Par.  61  to  63.) 
Wane,  Wednesday,  winter,  windy,  window,  wintry,   wealth, 
wealthy,  Walter,  work,    worth,    worthy,    worthless,    worker, 
welfare. 


EXERCISE    XVII. 
The  Aspirate.     (  See  Par.  64  to  66.) 

Use  the  stroke  aspirate  in  writing  the  following  words. 

Hay,  Hayes,  Hugh,  hues,  hassock,  hedge,  hatch,  hasten, 
hasty,  hang,  hung,  hack,  hook,  hood,  heavy,  haughty,  Hague, 
haven,  hoop,  Hooper,  hater,  honey,  Hannah,  hush,  hero, 
hearty,  hollow,  holy. 

In  the  following  words  the  dot  aspirate  should  be  used. 
(See  Par.  65.) 

Here,  hair,  her,  home,  homely,  hope,  happy,  happily,  hit, 
hip,  him,  hem,  ham,  hide,  heaven,  white,  whet,  whip,  whit- 
low, whetstone. 

In  the  following  words  the  tick  h  is  prefixed  to  the  stroke 
w.     (  See  Par.  65. ) 

Whey,  whiz,  whisper,  whipper,  whistle,  whistler,  whisker, 
whack,  whacks,  whittle. 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


The  following,  to  be  correctly  expressed,  require  the  ini- 
tial w  hook  to  be  thickened.  In  rapid  writing  this  precision 
may  usually  be  dispensed  with,  without  danger  of  illegibility. 

Wheel,  whale,  whales,  Wheeling,  whelp,  whereat,  whereas, 
whim,  whims,  whimsical,  Wharton,  whimper,  wherry. 


EXERCISE  XVIII. 
Final  N  Hook.     (See  Par.  67  to  70.) 

Tune,  town,  down,  pain,  bone,  pan,  pen,  boon,  brown, 
keen,  cane,  coin,  clean,  train,  drain,  drawn,  drown,  sprain, 
strain,  strewn,  mourn,  turn,  darn,  line,  lane,  lawn,  mine, 
nine,  mean,  known,  noon,  shown,  shine,  remain,  Roman, 
heaven,  even,  raven,  ravine,  riven,  leaven,  driven,  proven, 
craven,  outline,  pollen. 

For  the  following  word?,  see  Par.  G8.  Towns,  downs, 
bones,  pains,  queens,  coins,  brains,  tones,  trains,  mourns,  turns. 

For  the  following  words,  see  Par.  69.  Mines,  nouns,  fines, 
vines,  moans,  Romans,  griffins,  refines,  ravines. 

For  the  following  words,  see  Par.  70.  Tenses,  dances, 
glances,  quinces,  pounces,  bounces,  expenses. 

The  n  hook  is  used  to  great  advantage  in  the  middle  of 
such  words  as  render,  hinder,  surrender,  convenience,  fi- 
nance, furnish,  excellency,  vanish,  Conway,  finish,  frequency, 


EXERCISE  XIX, 
Stroke  N.     (  See  Par.  71.) 
Money,  rainy,    pony,    bony,    downy,    tiny,    Dinah,    funny, 
Fanny. 

For  the  following  words?  see  Par.  71.     Leon,  lion,  Bowens, 
peans. 


EXERCISE  XX. 
Final  F  and    V  Hook.       (  See  Par.  72.) 
Tough,  doff,  cough,  cuff,    strife,    proof,    brief,    bluff,    grief, 
gruff,  cleff,  cliif,  reef,    rough,  skiff,  huff,     prefix,    rebuff,    re- 
proof. 

Iu  the  following  examples    the   hook    may    be   thickened ; 
but  if  it  is  not,  mistakes  will  rarely,  if  ever,  occur. 

Strive,  drive,  drove,  dove,  crave,  strove,    deserve,    observe, 
prove,    brave,    grieve,    groove,    cleave,    rave,    rove,    achieve, 


Final  Tion  Hook.     (  See  Par.  73  and  74.) 
EXERCISE  XXI. 

Motion,  notion,  notions,  nation,  nations,  mission,  missions, 
mention,  termination,  attention,  fashion,  vision,  revision. 

In  the  following  words  turn  the  hook  to  the  right,  and 
above  the  k. 

Edition,  addition,  petition,  rendition,  passion,  option, 
oppression,  operation,  deception,  probation,  selection,  secre- 
tion, creation. 

In  the  following  words  turn  the  hook  to  the  left,  and 
below  the  k. 

Exception,  section,  suction,  attraction,  direction,  inspection, 
fiction,  affection,  reduction,  station,  retraction. 


EXERCISE  XXII. 
Logograms.     (  See  Page  64.) 
Write  the  Phonographic  signs  for  the  following  Logograms. 
Fill  a  line  with  each  sign,  after  writing  the  long-hand  word 
at  the  beginning. 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


The,  and,  of,  to,  a,  that,  is,  it,  for,  you,  be,  as,  are,   have, 
which,  him,  will,  think,  when,  there,  was,  do,  well. 


EXERCISE  XXIII. 
Simple  Sentences. 
Set  a  time  for  each  duty,  and  do  it  at  the  right  time. 
Do  as  you  wish  others  to  do  to  you.  When  you  feel 
angry,  it  is  well  to  think  long  ere  you  speak.  Try  to  do 
that  which  is  right,  and  avoid  that  which  is  wrong.  There  is 
a  time  for  play,  and  there  is  a  time  for  work  ;  a  time  to 
think,  and  a  time  to  talk;  a  time  to  speak,  and  a  time  to 
keep  silence.  When  you  speak,  think  to  whom  you  speak, 
of  whom  you  speak,  and  say  only  that  which  you  know  to 
be  just  and  right.  That  which  you  sow  to  day,  you  will  at 
some  future  time  reap.  That  which  you  have  to  do,  try  lo 
do  well.  Time  and  tide  will  stay  for  noue.  If  we  sin,  it 
is  well  we  suffer;  it  is  this  which  teaches  us  to  do  the  right 
and  leave  the  wrong.  Scorn  to  do  a  mean  action.  If  our 
souls  are  at  ease  we  may  smile  at  trouble.  Show  me  a  liar 
and  I  will  show  you  a  thief.  You  are  rich  if  you  think  you 
have  enough.     Few  people  are  out  of  the  reach  of  slander. 


EXERCISE  XXIV. 
Vowel  Logograms.   (See  Page  66.) 
Write  the  Phonographic  signs  for  the  following  Logograms. 
Fill  a  line  with  each  sign,  after  writing  the  long-hand  word 
at  the  beginning. 

All,    two,  already,    before,    ought,    who,    of,    or?    to?    but, 
on,  should,  the,  a,  and,  I,  how,  why,  while. 


EXERCISE  XXV. 
Sentences  containing  Vowel  Logographs. 
I  wish  you  to  write  all  that  I  have  read  to  you.  While 
you  stay  there  you  should  try  to  learn  all  that  has  taken 
place.  Those  who  take  most  pains  will  be  likely  to  succeed 
best.  I  should  have  seen  you  there  to  day,  but  I  was  un- 
able to  go.  You  or  I  should  have  seen  to  it  before  this  time. 
Had  we  known  your  wish  we  would  have  allowed  it  to  be 
taken  away.  I  think  they  ought  to  pay  you  while  you  re- 
main at  their  house.  "We  hope  to  be  able  to  leave  on  the 
day  you  name.  Why  do  you  wish  to  go.  by  the  early  train? 
I  should  like  to  know  why  you  wish  to  leave  us  before  Monday. 
You  ought  to  have  brought  enough  paper  to  write  a  long  let- 
ter on.  He  has  already  taken  us  to  two  of  the  best  stores 
in  the  city,  but  we  saw  nothing  to  suit  us.  You  ought  to 
have  seen  to  this  on  the  day  you  came ;  we  should  then 
have  known  how  to  advise  you.  None  deserve  to  succeed 
but  those  who  try.  You  should  speak  only  of  that  which 
you  know  to  be  true.  He  who  hopes  for  the  prize  should 
labor  to  obtain  it. 


EXERCISE    XXVI. 
W  and   Y  Logographs.   (  See  Page  68.) 
Write  the   Phonographic    signs    for    the    following    Logo- 
grams.    Fill  a  line  with  each  sign,  after  writing    the    long- 
hand word  at  the  beginning. 

We,  with,  were,  what,  would,  ye,  yet,  beyond,  you,    way, 
your,  well,  where,  when,  one. 


EXERCISE  XXVII. 
Sentences  containing  TFand  Y  Logographs.   (See  Page  C8.) 
We  wish  to  know  what  you  would  have  us    do    with    it. 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


No  one  yet  knows  when  we  think  of  leaving  your  city. 
This  way  is  as  easy  as  the  other,  and  one  would  think  it 
would  be  the  way  you  would  prefer.  We  wish  to  know 
your  address,  for  we  mean  to  pay  you  a  visit  when  we 
know  where  you  live.  We  were  with  you  early  in  the 
spring,  but  when  summer  came  we  were  all  at  the  sea-side. 
The  price  he  asks  is  much  beyond  what  he  would  be  dis- 
posed to  take.  I  wish  you  would  stay  and  dine  with  us 
when  next  you  are  in  town.  What  would  you  have  seen 
of  it  had  no  one  shown  you?  We  were  all  there  when  the 
news  of  your  success  came.  His  expenses  are  much  beyond 
what  they  ought  to  be.  When  his  affairs  are  brought  to  a 
close  where  will  his  credit  be?  What  were  his  reasons  for 
such  a  course  he  has  yet  to  explain.  I  wish  to  know  what 
will  be, the  price  of  the  book,  and  when  it  will  be  ready. 
I  have  yet  to  learn  that  what  he  knows  of  it  will  be  of 
any  use  to  us. 


EXERCISE  XXVIII. 
The  Stroke  W  and   Y.  (  See  Page  68.) 
Write  the  following  words  with  the  stroke  w  and  y. 
Woe,  woes,  ways,  away,  awake,  awoke,  aware,  wise,  wiser, 
sway,  swoon,  weasel,  whistle,  Wesley,  willow,  whisk,  yeas. 


EXERCISE  XXIX. 
Single  Consonant  Logographs.     (  See  Page  70.) 
Write  the  Phonographic  signs  for  the  following  Logograms. 
Fill   a    line   with    each    sign,    after   writing    the    long-hand 
word  at  the  beginning. 

Up,  be,   it,    do,    which,    advantage,    kingdom,    come,    for, 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


hare,  think,    them,  so,  was, .  shall,   usual,  will,   are,  me,  my, 
him,  in,  no,  thing,  language,  way,  your. 


EXERCISE  XXX. 
Sentences  containing  Single  Consonant  Logographs. 
You  shall  have  them  if  they  will  be  of  any  advantage  to 
you.  I  think  we  shall  see  them  if  they  come  to  town  on 
their  usual  monthly  visit.  You  have  given  me  much  trouble 
with  your  many  fancies.  It  was  of  no  use  that  we  sent  him 
your  address,  for  he  was  unable  to  read  it.  That  which  you 
have  to  do,  try  to  do  well.  I  shall  give  you  all  the  advan- 
tage that  may  come  of  the  change.  I  think  if  we  do  the 
thing  well,  it  will  succeed.  Do  one  thing  at  a  time,  and  that 
one  thing  well.  His  language  and  his  manners  prove  him 
to  be  a  man  of  education.  You  shall  be  at  liberty  to  claim 
all  the  advantage  that  comes  of  the  transaction.  These  things 
are  usually  of  less  advantage  than  we  are  prone  to  imagine 
them.  It  was  your  duty  to  make  me  aware  that  what  he 
said  was  wrong,  for  it  will  give  us  all  much  trouble. 


EXERCISE  XXXI. 
The  Halving  Principle.     (  See  Par.  90.) 

The  following  words  terminate  with  a  light  consonant. 

Pack,  packed,  knock,  knocked,  rap,  rapped,  talk,  talked, 
tack,  tacked,  black,  blacked,  creep,  crept,  grope,  groped,  group, 
grouped,  drip,  dripped,  trap,  trapped,  spike,  spiked,  strip, 
stripped,  smoke,  smoked,  snap,  snapped,  stretch,  stretched, 
strap,  strapped. 

Part,  smart,  port,  strict,  intact,  expect,  inspect,  induct,  un- 
packed, act,  ached,  apt,  art,  east,  sent. 

The  following  examples  terminate  with  a  heavy  consonant. 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


Rob,  robbed,  live,  lived,  love,  loved,  rove,  roved,  beg,  beg- 
ged, drag,  dragged,  page,  paged,  cage,  caged,  scrub,  scrubbed, 
relieve,  relieved,  move,  moved,  remove,  removed. 

Eased,  used,  old,  end,  hand,  send,  sound,  saved,  sold,  sealed, 
soared,  seemed. 

(See  Par.  92.) 

Meet,  might,  fight,  night,  let,  foot,  read,  need,  mode,  treat, 
trot,  prate,  sprite,  fright,  flight,  flat,  fruit,  clot,  dread,  bread, 
glad,  glide,  slate,  slight,  smite. 

(See  Tar.  93.) 

Pelt,  belt,  melt,  felt,  quilt,  colt,  smelt,  failed,  filed,  fold, 
untold,  toiled,  boiled,  bailed,  mould,  mailed,  mild,  nailed. 


EXERCISE  XXXII. 
Halving  Principle.     (See  Par.  94  and  95.) 

People,  peopled,  measure,  measured,  labor,  labored,  treasure, 
treasured,  title,  titled,  slaughter,  slaughtered,  favor,  favored, 
feather,  feathered,  fetter,  fettered,  stable,  stabled,  struggle, 
struggled,  honor,  honored,  humor,  humored. 

Remain,  remained,  abstain,  abstained,  refine,  refined,  re- 
gain, regained,  find,  found,  land,  lent,  learnt,  mind,  mound, 
rent,  cautioned,    stationed. 

Doffed,  cuffed,  coughed,    drift,    stuffed,    craft,    graft,    cleft. 

Proved,  approved,  craved,  grieved,  braved,    dived,  grooved, 
starved,  engraved,  observed,  deserved,  preserved. 
(See  Par.  98.) 

Acted,  fitted,  repeated,  scented,  noted,  lifted,  sifted,  refitted, 
lighted,  righted,  slighted,  hated,  hinted,  hunted,  parted,  started. 

Ended,  mended,  sanded,  founded,  rounded,  pounded,  faded. 

In  the  following  and  similar  words,  the  ted  and  ded  are 
disjoined. 

Treated,  doubted,  dated,  situated,  dreaded,  imitated,  institu- 
ted, radiated,  awaited,  freighted. 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


(See  Par.  98.) 
Doubt,  editor,  beautiful,    doubtful,  invite,    better,   beautify, 
habit,  rapid,  signified,  satisfied. 

Written  in  full.     (See  Par.  98.) 
Effect,  affect,  fact,  kicked,  locked,  leaked,    looked,    evoked, 
locate,  dialect,    afflict,  select. 


EXERCISE    XXXIII. 
Loops  for  St  and  Str.     (See  Par.  99  to  102.) 
St:  Feast,  faced,  toast,    taste,    tossed,    post,    roast,    fast, 
last,  rust,    must,    best,    steam,   stem,    stake,    stock, 
steer,    store,  star,   stop,  stuff,  staff,    storm,   contrast, 
context,     compressed,     danced,     pranced,     bounced, 
trounced,  canst,  against. 
Str:  Feaster,  master,    muster,    pester,    boaster,    monster, 

minister,  poster,  punster,  spinster,  teamster. 
Sts :  Posts,  feasts,  boasts,  beasts,  mists,  texts,  nests,  toasts, 
dusters,  punsters,  spinsters,  monsters. 
(See  Par.  100.) 
Justify,  justified,  investigation,  investigated,  testify,  dis- 
tinct, distinction,  artistic,  statistics. 


EXERCISE  XXXIV. 
Final  Hook  for  S-tion.  (See  Par.  103  to  106.) 
Position,  possession,  decision,  opposition,  accession, 
acquisition,  precision,  persuasion,  procession,  disposition, 
physician,  dispensation,  transition,  condensation,  com- 
pensation, possessions,  positions,  transitions,  condensa- 
tions, dispensations. 


EXERCISE  XXXV. 
Double  Length  curves.     (  See  Par.  107.) 
Father,    neither,    another,    mother,    rather,  further,  thither, 
weather,  feather,  smother,  smoother. 


EXERCISE  XXXVI. 
Final  Hook  Logographs.     (See  Page  76.) 
Write  the  Phonographic  signs  for  the  following  Logograms. 
Fill  a  line    with    each    sign,    after    writing    the    long-hand 
word  at  the  beginning. 

Upon,  been,  done,  general  or  generally,   can,   again,    Pho- 
nography, then,  alone,  men,  man,  opinion. 

Above,  objection,  object,  subjective,  subject,  whatever,   dif- 
fer, different  or  difference,   gave. 


EXERCISE  XXXVII. 
Sentences  Containing  the  Final  Hook  Logographs. 
It  has  been  our  opinion  that  he  has  generally  been  suc- 
cessful in  what  he  has  attempted.  I  can  have  no  objection 
to  what  has  been  done.  I  have  written  to  ask  his  opinion, 
and  he  assures  me  he  can  do  better  work  by  this  contrivance 
than  by  any  other.  He  is  of  opinion  that  Phonography 
can  accomplish  all  that  has  been  promised.  It  has  been 
generally  believed  that  nothing  whatever  can  be  done  with- 
out first  removing  the  tax  upon  the  people's  bread.  What 
was  to  be  done  should  have  been  done  quickly.  He  alone 
stated  his  objection ;  but  it  is  generally  admitted  that  his 
opinion  will  be  found  correct.  He  has  again  taken  to  his 
vicious  ways;  all  that  we  gave  him  has  had  no  effect  upon 
him.  I  have  done  less  than  I  intended ;  with  your  permission, 
I  will  try  again.     He  alone    is    of   opinion    that    what    has 


WRITING   EXERCISES. 


been  done  is  satisfactory  to  all  concerned.  Each  man  en- 
tertained a  different  opinion,  but  all  gave  effect  to  their 
opinion  by  a  general  vote. 


EXERCISE  XXXVIII. 
L  and  R  Hook  Logographs.  (  See  Page  78.) 
Write  the  Phonographic  signs  for  the  following  Logograms. 
Fill  a  line  with  each  sign,  after  writing  the  long-hand  word 
at  the  beginning. 

Principle,  principal  or  principally,  remember  or  member, 
able,  tell  or  till,  truth,  dear,  call,  difficult  or  difficulty,  care, 
full,  from,  every,  three,  their  or  there,  sure,  pleasure,  Mr.  or 
remark,  more,  near  or  nor. 


EXERCISE  XXXIX. 

Sentences  containing  the  L  and  R  Hook  Logographs. 

Be  sure  you  tell  the  truth  on  every  occasion ;  it  will  give 
me  pleasure  and  save  you  from  difficulty  and  disgrace.  We 
all  remember  the  care  with  which  he  prepared  his  plans, 
the  difficulties  he  overcame,  the  opposition  he  encountered 
from  his  friends,  and  the  full  measure  of  success  with  which 
he  was  rewarded.  When  we  act  from  principle,  our  con- 
victions are  too  dear  to  be  yielded  to  temporizing.  Neither 
he  nor  I  can  be  sure  that  we  shall  be  able  to  call,  till  we 
have  first  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  you  at  the  Falls.  There 
are  pleasures  attached  to  every  duty,  while  cares,  troubles, 
and  difficulties  result  from  every  neglect.  The  General  sur- 
prised us  this  morning;  his  principal  reason,  I  imagine,  was 
to  see  if  the  sentries  were  honest  and  able  men.  His  re- 
mark was  intended  to  impress  every  person  with  the  necessity 
for  care  and  caution.     I  am  sure  he  has   full    confidence    in 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


the  truth  of  your  statement  and  the  honor  of  your  character. 
The  more  energy  we  apply,  the  less  formidable  does  the 
difficulty  appear.  The  difficulty  arose  from  their  neglect  of 
the  three  most  important  principles,  which  ought  to  have 
been  apparent  to  every  person  present.  From  the  full  in- 
vestigation that  has  been  made,  I  am  more  than  ever 
convinced  of  the  truth  of  the  remark.  Till  I  am  able  to 
call  there  neither  you  nor  I  can  be  certain  of  the  result. 


EXERCISE  XL. 

Vocalizing  Double  Consonants.     (See  Par.  Ill  to  115.) 

Course,  curse,  Coleman,  cultivated,  beautiful,  dark,  Turkey, 

curved,  darkness,  garment,  Charles,  parcel,  paragraph,  parley, 

north,torment,  dormouse,  culture,   corruption,   collect,    correct, 

corrected,  collected,  corner,  murmur,  record. 


EXERCISE  XLI. 
Half-Length  Logographs.     (See  Page  80.)  . 

Write  the  Phonographic  signs  for  the  following  Logograms. 
Fill  a  line  with  each  sign,  after  writing  the  long-hand 
word  at  the  beginning. 

Particular-ly,  opportunity,  spirit,  told,  toward,  child,  gen- 
tlemen, gentleman,  quite,  could,  called,  according-ly,  cared, 
cannot,  account,  God,  good,  great,  after,  thought,  that, 
without,  establish-ment,  short,  Lord  or  read,  word,  immediate- 
ly, made,   might,  mind,  not,  nature,  went,  wont,  under,  world. 


EXERCISE  XLII. 
Sentences  Containing    IIalf-Lengtii  Logographs. 
I  shall  have  an  opportunity  to  do  him  good  service,  if  he 


WRITING   EXERCISES. 


does  not  reject  my  application.  I  have  called  on  that  gen- 
tleman, but  he  is  not  inclined  to  regard  my  request  with 
great  favor.  He  cannot  undertake  this  immediately,  for  he 
is  under  an  engagement  to  establish  an  agency  which  will 
take  his  goods  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  After  you  left  I 
thought  more  of  the  nature  of  our  misunderstanding,  and  I 
am  bound  to  offer  that  apology  which  one  gentleman  has  a 
right  to  expect  from  another.  It  is  not  his  intention  to 
return  immediately ;  accordingly,  I  have  not  thought  it  worth 
while  to  attend  to  the  arrangement  which  he  wished  made  pre- 
vious to  his  return.  I  am  particularly  interested  in  his  account 
of  the  great  hardships  he  endured  in  his  late  voyage.  He 
has  given  us  his  word  that  immediately  the  emigrants  land, 
they  shall  be  provided  with  the  necessary  means  for  their 
journey  westward.  Could  you  not  have  told  the  child  that 
without  obedience  he  could  not  be  loved?  I  give  you  my 
word  that  all  I  said  was  intended  in  a  spirit  of  kindness; 
if  he  does  not  think  so  he  has  certainly  misunderstood  my  in- 
tentions. I  went  immediately  after  he  called,  and  though 
his  visit  was  short,  it  was  quite  long  enough  to  let  us  see 
that  he  could  act  in  the  spirit  of  a  gentleman. 


EXERCISE  XLIII. 
Prefixes.  (  See  Pages  82  and  83.) 
Contain,  contrive,  construe,  constrain,  compose,  comply, 
complain,  complex,  conform,  condition,  comprise,  compress, 
conduce.  Discontent,  inconvenient,  inconsiderable,  decom- 
pose, recommend,  reconcile,  recognise,  irreconcilable.  Count- 
ermine, contradict,  contribution,  controversy.  Circumspect, 
circumstances,  circumscribe.  Selfish,  self-esteem.  Instrument, 
instruct,  inscribe,  inscription.  Introduction,  interfere,  enter- 
prise, interview.     Magnificent,  magnifying,    magnitude. 


EXERCISE  XUV. 
Affixes.     (  See  Pages  82  and  83.) 

Vainly,  beastly,  constantly,  faintly,  kindly.  Stability,  sen- 
sibility, popularity,  peculiarity,  prosperity.  Myself,  thyself, 
themselves,  ourselves.     Friendship,  relationship,  lordship. 

In  writing  the  following  words  the  dot    ing  is  used. 

Trying,  doing,  paying,  buying,  leaping,  sleeping,  striking, 
rapping,  speaking,  taking,  reaching,  raging,  robbing,  ducking, 
moving,  learning,  training,  cleaning,  cleansing,  evening, 
dancing,  turning,  concerning,  considering,  constraining. 

In  the  following  words  write  the  tick  for  ings. 

Prancings,  engravings,  cravings,  cleansings,  joinings. 

Write  the  following  words  with  the  consonant  sign  ^^/ 
for  the  termination  ing. 

Pleasing,  placing,  tracing,  praising,  blessing,  dressing, 
chasing,  choosing,  kissing,  creasing,  crossing,  gazing,  racing, 
rising,  housing,  perusing,  composing,  facing,  meaning,  com- 
mencing, annoying,  trifling;  writing,  lying,  feeling,  bowling, 
ruling,  framing,  striving,  driving,  stiffening,  drifting,  stuffing, 
proving,  printing,  blessings,    crossings,  tracings,  musings. 

Write  the  consonant  ^_y  ing  in  the  following  words. 

Bring,,  being,  spring,  fling,  tongue,  string,  stung,  strong, 
sting,  long,  ring,  wrong,  fang,  bang,  sing,  song,  pron^,  cving, 
clang. 


EXERCISE  XLV. 

On  the  best  method  of  Writing  L  and  R. 

Par.     129.  Like,   look,    lucky,    likely,    lamb,    limit,    lament, 

lamented,  lamp.     Alike,  element,  alum,  alack. 
Par.     130.  Fail,  file,  vile,  avowal,    reel,    rule,  ruling.     Folly, 
fully,    follow,    valley,    really,    rally,    meal,    mile, 
peal,  pole,  tool,  tallow,  trial. 


WRITING    r.XEIu;i;LS. 


Par.  131.  Ear,  air,  our,  sour,  sore,  sear,  arm,  ark,  army, 
armed,  arrogance,  early,  hourly,  error.  Earth, 
arch,  arched,  serve,  served,  aright,  artist. 

Par.  131.  Rome,  remain,  remained,  Roman,  room,  remote, 
remit,  resumed,   remiss. 

Par.  132.  Poor,  door,  tear,  attire,  attired,  appear,  appeared, 
fair,  far,  bear,  pair,  power,  flower. 

Par.     132.  Terror,  barrier,  superior,  inferior. 


EXERCISE  XLVI. 
On  Improvement.     (  See  Table  of  Logographs.) 

The  following  ingenious  exercise,  originally  written  for  an 
early  edition  of  Phonography,  by  the  Rev.  John  Hope,  an 
English  clergyman,  is  composed  entirely  of  Logograms,  and 
comprises,  with  a  trifling  exception,  all  that  are  used  in  the 
Corresponding  Style.  It  should  be  practiced  till  every  word 
can  be  written  without  hesitation.  It  may  afterwards  be 
written  from  dictation,  until  the  student  can  write  it  with 
considerable  speed,  those  words  being  now  joined  that  are 
connected  by  hyphens. 

Establishments  for-the-improvement  of-the  mind,  and-for 
knowledge  *  in-general,  are  important  things  in-a  kingdom  ; 
and-the  more  so  where-it-is  usual  with-them  to  acknowledge* 
good  principles.  A  Phonographic  establishment  in  particular 
is-an  immediate  advantage  to-every  gentleman  who-is-a 
member  of-it  and-to  all.  According  to  general  opinion,  Pho- 
nography is-a  subject  we  should  all-have  pleasure  in;  with- 
out-it,  language  is-not  quite  what-it-should-be ; — a- remark 
in-which-there-is  great-truth,  and-to-which  there-can-be  no 
objection.  Again,  every-one  who-has  thoughts  which-arc- 
dear  to-him,  or  important  for-the  world  to  read,  is  called- 
upon  to-care    for- them  and-improve-them    to-the    full,    when 

■  See  Contractions,  Page  103. 


Vv'RITING    EXERCISES. 


he-has  opportunity.  How,  or  on  what  principles  can  we-be 
good  without-improvement  ?  Remember,  that-every-thing  is- 
an  object  of-importance  that  comes  under-it;  and-beyond 
all,  that-the-sure-word  of-the-Lord-God  was  given  for-im- 
provement.  Should  there-be  difficulties  in-the-way  of-your-im- 
provement,  and-the  subjection  of-your  nature  to  God's  will, 
then  I-call-upon  you,  while  you-can  improve,  to-do-so.  Af- 
ter what-I-have-told-you,  are-there  yet  objections  to-it?  Were 
there,  an-account  of-them  would  already  have-been  given. 
Great  and-good  things  cannot  come-together  without-improve- 
ment. But-should  I-be-told-that  it  might-have-been-so ;  from 
what  I  know  of-the  nature  of  man,  and-the  general  spirit  of 
all,  I  tell-you-the  truth  is  as  I-have  given  it,  nor  can-you 
object  to-it.  Above  all,  from-the  opinion  I  before  gave, 
there  cannot-be  any  difference  whatever  on-this  subject. 
In  short,  gentlemen,  you  ought-to  establish  it  as-your  first 
principle  that-you-will-not-give  up;  but-as  you  have  op- 
portunity, do  ail-that  can-be-done  towards  improvement  in- 
every-thing  in-this-world ;  and-should  it-be-done  well,  you- 
will  give-pleasure  not  to  me  alone,  but-to  all-men. 


EXERCISE  XLVII. 
Phraseograpiiy.  (  See  Page  103.) 
One  of  the  most  beautiful,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  use- 
ful features  of  the  Phonographic  System,  is  its  capability  of 
uniting  words  into  phrases.  The  saving  thus  effected  to 
the  writer,  is  greater  than  appears  at  first  sight,  and,  happily, 
it  is  accomplished  not  only  without  sacrificing  legibility, 
but  with  a  positive  gain  in  that  respect.  Each  of  the  fol- 
lowing phrases  —  consisting  almost  exclusively  of  Logograms 
—  is  to  be  written  without  lifting  the  pen  or  pencil.  The 
general  rule  observed  in  writing  phrases  is,  for  the  first 
Logpgraph  to  occupy  its  usual  position,  and  for  the  remain- 


WRITING    EXERCISE. 


ing  words  in  the  phrase  to  accomodate  themselves  to  the 
position  of  the  first.  This  principle  is  very  fully  elaborated 
in  the  Phrase   Book. 

You-will  you-will-have,  you-will-be,  you-will-be-sure,  you- 
will-do,  you-will-find,  you-will-not,  {will  not  is  represented  in 
the  Reporting  Style  thus  r)  you-will-not-be,  you-will-not- 
have,  you-may,  you-may-have,  you-may-be,  you-may-do,  you- 
must,  ( when  a  wrord  follows  must  in  Phraseography,  the 
loop  becomes  a  circle,)  you-must-have,  you-must-be,  you- 
must-not,  you-must-not-be,  you-can,  you-can-be,  you-can-have, 
you-are,  you-should,  ( should  must  be  struck  upward, )  you- 
should-be,  you-should-have,  you-should-not,  you-should-not-be. 

It-is,  it-is-not,  it-may-have,  it-may-have-been,  it-must,  it- 
must-be,  it-was,  it-was-not,  it-should-be,  it-should-not,  it- 
should-not-be,  it-can,  it-can-be,  it-could-not-be,  it-would,  it- 
would-be,  it-would-not-be ,  it-would-not-have,  it-would-not- 
have-been,  it-has-been,  (  write  the  circle  S  on  the  left  hand 
side,)  it-has-been-done. 

"We-have,  we-have-done,  we-have-been,  we-have-not,  we- 
bave-not-done,  we-have-not-been,  we-shall,  we-shall-have,  we- 
were,  we-do,  we-think,  we-think-that. 

When  /  is  joined  to  phrases,  only  one  half  of  the  vowel 
character  is  written,  the  downward  or  upward  stroke,  as  is 
most  convenient.     In  the  following  phrases  write  the  upstroke. 

I-have,  I-have-not,  I-have-been,  I-have-done,  I-have-not- 
been,  I-have-no-doubt,  I-have-seen,  I-have-known,  I-have-said, 
1-think,  I-think-you-will,  I-think-it-is,  I-shall,  I-shall-be, 
I-shall-have,  I-shall-not-have,  I-find,  I-fear,  I-fear-you-Mrill, 
I-fear-you-will-have,    I-necd-not. 

In  the  following,  write  the  down-stroke.  I-am,  I-must 
I-must-be,  I-must-have,  I-must-not,  I-must-not-be,  I-must-not- 
have,  I-am-glad,  I-am-sorry,  I-am-sure,  I-am-very-glad,  I-will, 
I-will-try,  1-will-have,  I-will-not,  I-will-not-have,  I-will-not-be. 

To-be,  to-do,  to-have,  to-have-been,  to-have-done,  to-think, 
to-mako,  to-?omo,   to-?ome-extent.  to-him,  to-thnt-which-is. 


WRITING    EXERCISE. 


Write  who  downward.  Who-have,  who-do,  who-have-not^ 
who-have-seen,  who-have-not-seen,  who-are,  who-are-not,  (are 
not  in  these  cases  is  written  thus  -^ )  who-can,  who-are-not, 
who-can-be,  who-can-do. 


EXERCISE   XLVIII. 
The  Joined  The.     (See  Par.  139.) 

The  frequently  occurring  word  the,  may  be  joined  to  any 
consonant  or  vowel  sign  by  elongating  the  dot  into  a 
short  tick  or  stroke,  written  upward  or  downward,  as  is 
most  convenient,  forming  an  acute  angle  to  the  stroke  with 
which  it  is  connected. 

In-the,  when-the,  for- the,  that-the,  which-the,  in-which-the, 
have-the,  of-the,  with-the,  from-the,  are-the,  that-which-the, 
for- which-the,  under-the,  be-the,  upon-the,  then-the,  it-is-the, 
that-is-the,  is-the,  as-the,  thus-the,  on-the,  should-not-the, 
should-have-the,  in~the-way,  between-the,  seen-the,  sent-the, 
send-the,  into-the,  I-have-seen-the,  I-have-sent-the,  I-have- 
not-the,  I-have-not-seen-the,  all-the,  to-the,  should-the  ( strike 
should  upward.) 


EXERCISE  XLIX. 
The  Joined  And.  (  See  Par.  140.) 

In  the  Reporting  Style  of  Phonography  a,  an,  or  and  may 
be  prefixed  or  affixed  to  any  word,  by  elongating  the  dot 
into  a  short  tick  or  stroke,  written  in  an  upward  or  hori- 
zontal direction.  The  frequently,  recurring  phrase  and  the 
i3  represented  thus    r  . 

And-it,  and-that,  and-for,  and-have,  and-when,  and-there, 
and-then-the,  and-this,  and-it,  and-tbat-is,  and-that-is-the, 
when-a,  for-a,  that-a,  and-for-a,  and-it-is-not,  and-when-a, 
onrl-that-a,  and-in-a,  and-in-the,  and-do-you,  and-that-which- 


WRITING   EXERCISE. 


is,  such-a,  it-was-a,  send-a,  it-is-a,  this-is-a,  that-is-a,  and- 
your,  and-yours,  is-a,  as-a,  and-is,  and-as,  of-a  all-a,  all-a- 
man,  to-a. 


EXERCISE  L. 
Phraseography.     (  See  page   104.) 

In  the  following  and  similar  phrases  the  sign  for  «,  an  or  and 
will  accommodate  itself  to  the  position  of  the  word, —  whether 
occupying  the  first,  second,  or  third  position, —  to  which  it 
is  joined. 

And-if,  and-though,  and-though-the,  and-each,  and-had, 
and-had-the,  at-a,  and-at-a,  and-at-the,  by-the,  and-if-a,  and- 
if-the,  and-if-this,  and-if-that-is,  and-if-that-is-the,  value-a, 
value-a-man,  value-the,  valuc-the-most,  use-a,  use-the,  use-the- 
best,  and-through-a,  and-though-the,  and-though-the-way,  and- 
thank-you,  we-thank-you,  I-thank-you,  we-think-the-man, 
and-much,  and-much-as-the,  and-during,  and-during-the,  and- 
thus,  and-thus-the,  until-the,  until-the-time,  through-the,  and- 
though-a,  if-we,  and-if-we,  in-each,  and-in-each,  and-with-those, 
and-with-these. 


1 
INDEX. 

The  figures  refer  to  the  Paragraphs.     A  hyphen   after  a  figure, 

indicates  that    the  subject    is    continued  in    subsequent   paragraphs. 

The    letter  lp '  refers  to  the  Page, 

A,  an,  and,  joined                  140 

F,    V,  N,   Tion   hooks    in    the 

Abbreviations,  gradual  use    143 

middle  of  words                 109 

Affixes                                      125 

Half-length  consonants  how  to 

Aspirate                                      64 

vocalize                                  92 

Backward  hook   for  in,  en,  124 

Halving  principle                     90 

Brevity  of  Phonography       155 

Halving  principle  not  applied  91 

Circle  *  or  z                            13- 

Hints  for  practice               p.    88 

.  Classification  of  sounds           29 

Ing  and  Ings,  dot  or  stroke  125 

Combinations  of  consonants  7- 

L  and  R,  rules  for  writing  129- 

Con,  com,  cog,   how  written    121 

L,  direction  of                          12 

Consonants,  how  written         1- 

Letter,  matter,  how  written />.  75 

Contractions                            102 

Licenses  in  writing                137 

Diphthongs                               39- 

Logographs,  adding  *  to        85 

Diphthongs  joined  to  Cons.   134 

Logographs  for  the  Reader   92 

Directions  to  the  Student  p.  34 

Logograms  for  the  Writer     94 

Double  circle                            88 

Logographs,  F,    V,   Tion    hook 

Double    circle,  vocalized       135 

p.  76 

Double  consonants                  44- 

Logographs,  half-length  p.    80 

Double  consonants,  irregular  50 

Logographs,    L   and    R    hook 

Double  consonants,  how  vocal- 

p. 78 

ized                                      111 

Logographs,  N  hook         p.  76 

Double  length  curves            107 

Logographs,    position     of    the 

Double  ruled  paper                153 

vowel                                      79 

Explanation  of  terms           a  31 

Logographs,    Single  consonant 

Extended  alphabet                   97 

p.  70 

F  and  V  hook                          72 

Logographs,  Vowel            p.  GG 

Figures,  how  expressed         141 

Logographs,    W  and    Y   p.  68 

Foreign  sounds                         96 

Loops  st  and  sir                       99 

Formation  of  a  good  style  p.  34 

Lt  and  Ld,  bow  written       93 

French  nasal  vowels               97 

L-ty  and  R-ty,  terminations  127 

INDEX. 

L  upward  and  downward   129 

Stroke  s  or  z                           36 

Mb,  mp,  how  written              51 

St,  str  loops                              99- 

Methods  of  practice           p.  34 

St,  zd  struck  upward            138 

Names  of  consonants        p.  37 

S,  z,  words  containing          34- 

i^hook                                    67- 

Table  of  Logographs         p.  92 

Nominal   consonant                81 

Table  of  single  and  double  con- 

Notes on  Table  of  sounds  p.  30 

sonants                           p.  91 

JV  stroke,  when  used             71 

Table    of   single    and    double 

Omissions  allowable             137 

vowels                              p.  90 

On  holding  the  Pen          p.  34 

Table  of  single  consonants  p. 

Outline  and  position,  a  key  in 

37 

deciphering  words            116- 

Ted,  ded,  how  written             98 

Outlines,  on  the  choice  of  144 

Ter,  der,  added  to  curves       108 

Philosophy  of  Phonog.      p    31 

The,  joined  to  words            139 

Philosophy  of  speech        p.  22 

Thr,  added  to  curve  letters  10  7 

Phraseographs                         103 

Tion  hook                         73,  110 

Positions  of  words       87-  151- 

Triphthongs  wi,  wot,  wou        43 

Prefixes                                    120 

Two  vowels  to  one  cons.     133 

Prefixes  of  similar  sound     123 

Upward  R                               15- 

Pronun.  of  foreign  words     147 

Upward  rt  and  rd                118- 

Beading  practice             35,  145 

Use  of  pen  or  pencil        p.  34 

Recon,  Irrecon                        122 

Vocalizing,  rules  for               33 

Reporting  Logographs          104 

Vowels,   Long                         18- 

Rep.  Style  of  Phonog.     p.  101 

Vowels,   Short                         29- 

Rt  and  rd,  when  used         118- 

W  and   Y  coalescents           41- 

Simple  Logographs                  64 

TFand  T  stroke  consonants  86 

Sion  hook                                   74 

W  hook,  initial                       61 

Special  rules                        p.  86 

"Writing  exercises            p    105 

Spr  consonants                        54- 

Yld,  half-length                       93 

S-tion  final  hook                    130 

Zd,  words  ending  with       163 

Stops  and  marks                   141 

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ATALOGUE 


OF 


honographic  l|l  orks 


Ben.v  Pitman,  Phonographic  Institute,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


The  works  in  this  list,  when  ordered  directly  from 
the  Phonographic  Institute,  will  be  forwarded  post  paid,  on 
the  receipt  of  the  prices  herein  named,  except  where  postage 
charges  are  specified. 


Phonography,  or  Phonetic  Shorthand,  invented  by  Isaac 
Pitman  of  Bath,  England,  is  a  system  of  writing  the  English 
and  all  other  languages,  briefly  and  legibly,  by  means  of  a 
Philosophic  Alphabet,  composed  of  the  simplest  signs  in  Ge- 
ometry. In  it,  each  sound  is  represented ;  and  as  no  sign 
employed  ever  represents  more  than  one,  and  always  the  same 
sound,  entire  legibility  is  attained.  Such  are  the  brevity  and 
certainty  of  this  system,  that  it  is  now  almost  exclusively 
used  by  the  reporters  in  Congress  and  by  those  in  the  British 
Houses  of  Parliament,  by  reporters  for  the  press,  and  by  lc-. 
gal  reporters,  to  secure  verbatim  reports  of  speeches  and 
debates.  But  it  is  not  in  this  that  its  greatest  usefulness  may, 
perhaps,  be  said  to  consist.  It  is  used  by  ministers  for  mak- 
ing notes,  or  for  the  writing  of  elaborate  sermons;  for  the 
common  uses  of  correspondence ;  by  lawyers,  for  the  recording 
of  evidence,  or  rough  briefs ;  by  authors,  for  composition :  to 
the  last  it  affords  a  means  of  rapid  expression  and  revision 
unequalled  by  any  system  of  writing,  ancient  or  modern  ;  and, 


PHONOGRAPHIC    PUBLICATIONS. 


finally,  to  all  who  have  thoughts  to  preserve,  diaries  to  keep, 
or  memoranda  to  make,  it  offers  a  means  of  saving  two-thirds 
of  the  time  and  labor  required  by  the  ordinary  long  hand. 
It  differs  from  all  other  systems  of  shorthand  in  this,  that 
it  combines  entire  legibility  with  far  greater  brevity.  In 
this  combination  is  to  be  found  its  claim  to  general  utility, 
as  well  as  the  secret  of  its  success. 

Accuracy  in  detail  and  justness  of  execution  being  the 
great  desiderata  in  all  elementary  works,  the  books  published 
at  the  Phonographic  Institute  have  been  prepared  with  a 
view  to  their  attainment.  These  works  are  in  part,  or  wholly, 
printed  from  engraved  plates ;  their  cost  must,  therefore,  be 
greater  than  that  of  works  of  equal  size  composed  only  of 
letter  press.  In  such  works  as  the  Manual  of  the  art  and 
the  Reporter's  Companion,  the  costliness  of  engraving  and 
printing  from  stone,  is  increased  by  interleaving  with  the  ne- 
cessary explanatory  matter,  in  letter  press.  This  greatly  adds 
to  the  expense  of  binding,  and  must,  of  course,  also  increase 
the  selling  price  of  the  works.  This  is  to  be  regretted;  but 
when  it  is  considered  how  greatly  the  attainment  of  the  art 
is  facilitated  by  it,  and  how  much  more  justly  represented 
and  engaging  the  art  is  rendered  by  engraving,  than  by  any 
other  process  ever  used,  the  reader  will  at  once  perceive  that 
it  would  not  be  well  to  sacrifice  ease,  beauty,  and  legibility 
to  the  thirst  for  cheapness  which  has  deluged  all  branches  of 
literature  and  art  with  works  more  fitted  to  deter  than  to 
invite  the  student,  and  to  entangle  than  to  enlighten  him. 

The  Manual  of  Phonography ;  by  Benn  Pitman;  a 
new  treatise,  explanatory  of  the  art,  from  its  simplest  rudi- 
ments to  the  abbreviated  style  of  Phonographic  writing.  It 
comprises  some  valuable  features  not  heretofore  introduced  in 
any  English  or  American  Phonographic  work,  rendering  it  in- 
valuable to  students  who  wish  to  easily  acquire,  and  correctly 
practise  this  art.  The  Manual  is  interpaged  with  Phono- 
graphic exercises,  engraved  in  a  clear  and  attractive  style, 
which  face  the  necessary  explanations  in  the  common  print. 
Price  50  cts. ,  bound  in  cloth,  60  cts  ;  roan,  75  cts. 


PHONOGRAPHIC  PUBLICATIONS. 


The  Phonographic  Header;  a  companion  to  the  Pho- 
nographic Manual,  containing  a  series  of  progressive  Reading 
Exercises,  original  and  selected,  engraved  in  a  clear  and  at- 
tractive style.     Price  25  cts. 

Phonographic  Copy  Book;  (oblong  shape,)  containing 
ruled  paper  for  the  learners  practice.    Price  10  cts.  by  mail  12. 


These  three  works  are  the  only  ones  necessary  to  acquire 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  this  time  and  labor-saving  art.  They 
will  be  mailed,  postage  paid,  to  any  portion  of  the  United  States 
or  the  British  Possessions  for  $  1.00. 

The  Phonographic  Magazine;  a  monthly  periodical 
of  Phonographic  and  other  intelligence,  of  special  interest  to 
Phonographers ;  edited  and  engraved  by  Benn  Pitman.  It 
consists  of  eight  pages  of  extra  size,  double  columned,  con- 
taining one-third  more  reading  matter  than  the  Magazine  or 
Reporter  of  1856.  Single  copies,  75  cts.  When  mailed  to 
one  address,  Clubs  of  three,  $2.00;— Clubs  of  six,  $3.50. 

The  Reporter's  'Companion ;       ( in  preparation  )    b\ 

Benn  Pitman;  a  new  and  improved  guide  to  the  art  oi 
Verbatim  Reporting.  This  work  is  clearly  engraved,  and 
interpaged  with  a  key  in  the  common  print.  It  consists,  1st, 
Of  an  exposition  of  every  principle  of  abbreviation  employed 
in  Phonographic  Reporting,  copiously  illustrated.  2d,  A  Vo- 
cabulary, more  extensive  than  any  heretofore  published ;  with 
every  Grammalogue,  Contraction,  Phraseogram,  difficult  word 
and  words  which  may  be  written  in  two  or  more  ways,  (only 
one  of  which  is  admissible,)  alphabetically  arranged.  3d,  A 
series  of  Progressive  Lessons  in  Reporting,  whereby  the  stu- 
dent is  gradually  led  from  the  simplest  to  the  most  abbreviated 
style  of  Phonographic  writing.  Price  75  cts.;  handsomely 
bound  in  muslin  $  1.00. 

The  Phrase  Book;  A  Vocabulary  of  Phraseography, 
by  Benn  Pitman  ;  for  the  use  of  students  and  professional  re- 


PHONOGRAPHIC  PUBLICATIONS. 


porters  .with  printed  key.  This  work  contains  a  more  compre- 
hensive list  of  phrases  that  may  be  written  without  lifting  the 
pen,  than  any  before  published  in  this  country  or  in  England; 
together  with  valuable  instructions  to  reporters;  engraved  in 
the  reporting  style.     Cloth,  75  cts. 

The  Book  of  Psalms:  Engraved  by  Benn  Pitman  in 
the  reporting  style  of  Phonography.    Cloth,  75  cts ;  roan,  $  1.  00 

The  Teacher;  by  Benn  Pitman.  A  Treatise  on  Phono- 
graphic Lecturing  and  Teaching;  embracing  full  and  minute 
directions  as  to  the  best  method  of  imparting  a  knowledge 
of  Phonography.  Engraved  in  the  Corresponding  Style.  An 
interesting  and  useful  work  for  all ;  invaluable  to  the  Pho- 
nographic Teacher.  Price,  $1.00  bound.  Printed  on  very  su- 
perior paper  $1.  25. 

The  Phonographic  Magazine;  Vol.  l,  for  1854.  A 
Miscellany  of  original  and  selected  papers  in  the  Correspond- 
ing style  of  Phonography.  Edited  and  engraved  by  Benn  Pit- 
man, bound  in  cloth,  $1,25;  roan,  $1,50. 

The  Phonographic  Magazine;  Vol.  2,  for  1855.  same 
style  and  price  as  the  above. 

The  Phonographic  Magazine;  Vol.  3,  for  1859.  same 
style  and  price  as  the  above. 

The  Phonographic  Reporter;  Vol.  l,  for  1854."  A  Mis- 
cellany of  original  and  selected  papers,  in  the  Reporting  style 
of  Phonography.  Edited  and  engraved  on  stone  by  Benn 
Pitman.     Bound  in  cloth.  $1,  25;  roan,  $1,  50. 

The  Phonographic  Reporter ;  Vol.  2.  for  1855.  Same 
style  and  price  as  the  above. 

The  Phonographic  Reporter;  Vol.  3,  for   1856.  same 

style  and  price  a?  the  above. 


PHONOGRAPHIC  PUBLICATIONS. 


The  Phonographic  Magazine  and  Phonographic 
Reporter ;  for  either  year,  in  one  handsome  volume,  bound 
iu  roan,  $2.  50. 

TJie  History  of  Short  Hand;  edited,  and  engraved 
on  stone,  by  Benn  Pitman.  An  interesting  history  of  the  art, 
from  the  short  hand  of  Tyro  down  to  the  invention  of  Pho- 
nography. Engraved  in  the  Reporting  Style.  Price  75  cts; 
roan  $1.00. 

The  Manners  Book.  (Extracted  by  permission  of  the 
author,  from  the  "Illustrated  Manners  Book.")  Engraved  by 
Benn  Pitman,  in  easy  Reporting  style.  Cloth,  75  cts.;  roan, 
$1.00. 

The  Manners  Book.  Engraved  in  the  Corresponding 
style  of  Phonography.     Cloth,  75  cts.;  roan,  $1.00. 

Phonographic  Chart;  designed  and  arranged  by  Benn  Pit- 
man. A  new  and  handsome  chart  of  the  Phonographic  Alpha- 
bet, printed  in  colors,  prepared  for  the  use  of  Teachers,  and 
for  Schools,  Colleges,  and  Literary  Institutions.  Size  38  by 
55.  Price  95  cts.,  by  mail.  Mounted  on  muslin,  with  rollers, 
$1.75 ;  not  mailable. 

The  Phonographef  S  Song.  From  a  design  by  the  late 
William  Fisher.  An  illustrated  sheet  for  framing;  25  cts.  In- 
dia Proofs,  $1.00. 

Declaration  of  Independence.  Engraved  in  the  Corres- 
ponding style,  for  framing;  10  cts. 

Gold  Pens;  manufactured  expressly  for  Phonographic 
writing,  and  well  adapted  also  for  the  ordinary  long  hand; 
$1.50    With  silver  extension  holder,  $2.50. 


A  practical  and  vigorous  attempt  was  made  in  1844,  by 
Isaac  Pitman  and  Alex.  John  Ellis,  of  England,  to  realize 
the  ideas  of  Dr.  Franklin,  Sir  John  Herschell,  and  others, 
in  the  construction  and  appliance  of  a  Phonetic  Alphabet 
for  the  representation  of  the  English  language.  After  years 
of  experimenting,  in  this  country  as  well  as  in  England,  and 
an  expenditure  of  time  and  means  which  would  appear  fab- 
ulous to  those  who  are  not  aware  of  the  difficulties  that 
have  been  encountered,  an  alphabet  has  been  completed,  by 
means  of  which  the  sounds  of  the  language,  are,  as  it  were, 
daguerreotyped ;  so  that  a  child,  or  an  adult  foreigner,  having 
once  mastered  the  alphabet,  has  no  greater  difficulty  in  cor- 
rectly pronouncing  any  word  that  may  be  presented,  though 
it  be  for  the  first  time,  than  in  giving  the  name  of  a  well 
known  friend  on  seeing  his  faithfully  daguerreotyped  likeness. 

By  the  Phonetic  system  children  are  not  only  easily  and 
pleasantly  instructed  in  reading,  but  they  acquire  a  clear,  pre- 
cise and  finished  enunciation,  which  heretofore  has  been  griev- 
ously overlooked.  The  Phonetic  scheme,  moreover,  presents  the 
easiest  and  speediest  means  of  acquiring  the  ability  to  read 
the  common,  or  Romanic  print.  Tl  has  been  demonstrated 
again  and  again,  in  private  teaching,  and  in  classes  of  chil- 
dren and  adults,  that  at  least  one  half  tli2  time  and  labor 
devoted  to  the  acquirement  of  reading  by  the  ordinary  print, 
may  be  saved  by  commencing  with  the  Phonetic. 

Parents  and  Teachers  who  have  not  tried  this  new  method 
of  instructing  their  little  charges  in  the  irksome  acquirement 
of  reading,  can  not  possibly  realize  the  ease  and  delight  at- 
tending the  use  of  the  Phonetic  system. 

The  Phonetic  Dictionary.  A  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,  adapted  to  the  present  state  of  Literature  and  Sci- 


PHOiNOTYPIC    WORKS. 


ence ;  with  Pronouncing  Vocabularies  of  Classical,  Scriptural, 
and  Geographical  names.  Designed  by  Nathaniel  Storrs. 
Compiled  by  Dan.  S.  Smalley.  This  Dictionary  is  the  result 
of  a  legacy  of  ten  thousand  dollars,  left  for  its  compilation 
and  publication,  by  the  late  Nathaniel  Storrs,  Esq. ,  of  Boston, 
Mass.  861  pages,  handsomely  bound  in  dark  leather,  marbled 
edges,  and  lettered,  $3.50.  By  mail,  carefully  and  securely 
packed,  50  cts.  additional.  Clubs  of  four  supplied  ( per  ex- 
press)  at  $3.25.  Clubs  of  six  $3.15. 

The  Phonetic  Primer;  by  Benn  Pitman.  Several  new 
and  attractive  features  are  here  introduced.  It  is  copiously 
illustrated,  and  a  new  type  is  employed,  cast  expressly  for 
this  work,  which,  for  clearness  and  distinctness,  has  not  been 
equalled.  Illustrations  are  also  introduced  for  teaching  ele- 
mentary forms,  and  the  simple  rules  of  Arithmetic.  Copious 
explanations  for  parents  and  teachers  are  given  in  the  com- 
mon print.     Price  10  cts. 

The  Second  Phonetic  Reader ;  by  Benn  Pitman ;  con- 
taining simple  and  instructive  reading  lessons,  calculated  to 
make  children  cheerful,  thoughtful,  and  brave.  Price  20  cts.; 
by  mail,   25  cts. 

Illustrated  Diploma.  A  beautiful  sheet  for  framing; 
containing  among  its  illustrations  portraits  of  Caxton,  Gut- 
tenburg,  Isaac  Pitman,  and  Alex.  John  Ellis.  This  Diploma 
is  presented  to  subscribers  to  the  Font  Fund  of  $1,00  and 
upwards.     Mailed  on  roller. 

Phonotypic  Chart;  of  the  new  Alphabet,  with  expla- 
nations, elocutionary  exercises,  and  remarks  on  the  acquire- 
ment of  a  good  delivery,  in  the  common  print.     Price  50  cts. 

The  New  Testament;  printed  in  Phonotypy.  Cloth, 
75  cts.  Sheep,  85  cts.  Extra,  $1.15.  Gilt  sides  and  edges,$1.25. 
Postage  15  cts.     Longley  Bros. 

First  Lessons  in  Geometry ;  by  the  Rev.  Thos.  Hill. 

A  lucid  exposition  of  the  fundamental  facts  of  the  Science, 
adapted  to  the  capacity  of  children.     ?5  Ms.:  by  mail.  30  eti 


AMERICAN  PHONETIC  ASSOCIATION. 

•presfUent, 

Bknn  Pitman,  Phonographic  Institute,  Cincinnati,  0. 

JRectetatj,  ^Treasurer, 

Eli  as  Longley,  Vine  St.,  Cincinnati,  0.  R.  P.  Pbossf.r,  Cincinnati,  0. 

f&imbzta  of  tlje  Council. 

Prof.  W.  D.  Henkle,  Richmond,  Ind. 
Bev.  Thomas  Hill,  Waltham,  Mass. 
Prof.  Booth,  U.  S.  Mint,  Philadelphia. 
Prof.  S.  S.  Haldeman,  Columbia,  Pa. 
Dr.  S.  I).  Newbro,  Lansing,  Mich. 
Dr.  J.  W.  Stone,  Boston,  Mass. 
W.  T.  Coogeshall,  State  Librarian,  Columbus,  0. 
Dr.  Asa  Hork,  Dubuque,  Iowa. 
Dan  S.  Smalley,  Jamaica  Plain,  Mass. 
Bev.  Dr.  Whedon,  200  Mulberry  Street,  N.  Y. 
Prof.  Kiukpatrick,  High  School,  Philadelphia. 
E.  H.  Magill,  High  School,  Providence,  B.  I. 
Dr.  N.  B.  Benedict,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Dr.  James  Adair,  Mendota,  111. 
Charles  S.  Boyce,  Huron,  Erie  County,  0. 
H.  S.  Clubu,  Grand  Haven,  Mich. 
H.  W.  Park  hurst,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J. 
Dr.  Adams  Jewett,  Dayton,  Ohio. 
Capt.  M.  C  Meigs,  Washington,  D.  C. 
J.  H.  Wood,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Dr.  L.  W.  Trask,  Hiram,  Portage  County,  0. 
Bobert  Patterson,  U.  S.  Mint,  Philadelphia. 
A.  B.  Pickard,  Mt.  Morris,  111. 
Bev.  Dr.  J.  Cooper.  Kensington,  Pa. 
And  twenty-three  others. 


The  object  of  this  Association  is  the  union  and  co-operation  of  the  friends 
of  the  Phonetic  Reform  in  the  United  States,  the  Territories  and  Canadas, 
for  the  encouragement  and  spread  of  Phonetic  writing  and  printing.  The 
Association  consists  of  a  President,  Secretary,  Treasurer,  Council,  and  mem- 
bers.    The  members  are  divided  into  the  following  classes : — 

1.  Phonographers  who  teach  the  arts  professionally  or  privately,  who  can 
not,  on  account  of  other  duties,  attend  to  the  gratuitous  correction  of  ex- 
ercises of  learners  through  the  post,  but  who  are  willing  to  answer  letters 
of  inquiry,  or  letters  of  Phonographers  soliciting  advice  or  information  on 
matters  connected  with  Phonography  or  Phonetics. 

2.  Phonographers  who  generously  volunteer  to  correct  the  exercises  of 
learners,  through  the  post. 

3.  Phonographers  who  do  their  utmost  to  spread  a  knowledge  of  the 
Phonetic  arts  in  private,  but  who  are  prevented  by  other  duties  from  an- 
swering letters,  or  attending  to  the  correction  of  exercises. 

4.  Phoneticians  who  do  not  write  Phonography. 
6.     Honorary  members. 

The  Association  was  organized  in  1849,  and  upwards  of  two  thousand  per- 
sons have  been  enrolled  as  members. 

Phonographers  and  Phoneticians  wishing  to  become  members,  to  address 
the  Secretary,  stating  occupation  or  profession,  and  naming  the  Class  in 
which  they  desire  to  be  enrolled.  No  entrance  fee ;  no  subscription.  Do- 
nations voluntary.     Membership  renewed  annually. 

For  full  list  of  Council,  members,  organization,  etc.,  see  list  for  1857, 
price,  10  cents. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

EDUCATION-PSYCHOLOGY 
LIBRARY 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


JUL  1 1  1963 


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LD  21A-30m-6,'67 
(H2472sl0)476 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


U.C,  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 

CD3ST013m 

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